> > > > # SWI-Prolog Natural Language Processing Primitives

> > > > Jan Wielemaker
> > > > HCS,
> > > > University of Amsterdam
> > > > The Netherlands
> > > > E-mail: wielemak@science.uva.nl

### Abstract

This package contains some well known basic routines for natural language processing and information retrieval. The current version of this package is very limited, which makes the name somewhat misleading. Suggestions and contributions are welcome.

# Table of Contents

- 1 Double Metaphone -- Phonetic string matching
  - 1.1 Origin and Copyright
- 2 Porter Stem -- Determine stem and related routines
  - 2.1 Origin and Copyright
- 3 Installation
  - 3.1 Unix systems

## 1 Double Metaphone -- Phonetic string matching

The library `library(double_metaphone)` implements the Double Metaphone algorithm developed by Lawrence Philips and described in ``The Double-Metaphone Search Algorithm'' by L Philips, C/C++ User’s Journal, 2000. Double Metaphone creates a key from a word that represents its phonetic properties. Two words with the same Double Metaphone are supposed to sound similar. The Double Metaphone algorithm is an improved version of the Soundex algorithm.

double_metaphone(+In, -MetaPhone)
  Same as double_metaphone/3, but only returning the primary metaphone.

double_metaphone(+In, -MetaPhone, -AltMetaphone)
  Create metaphone and alternative metaphone from In. The primary metaphone is based on english, while the secondary deals with common alternative pronounciation in other languages. In is either and atom, string object, code- or character list. The metaphones are always returned as atoms.

### 1.1 Origin and Copyright

The Double Metaphone algorithm is copied from the Perl library that holds the following copyright notice. To the best of our knowledge the Perl license is compatible to the SWI-Prolog license schema and therefore including this module poses no additional license conditions.

> Copyright 2000, Maurice Aubrey <maurice@hevanet.com>. All rights reserved.

> This code is based heavily on the C++ implementation by Lawrence Philips and incorporates several bug fixes courtesy of Kevin Atkinson <kevina@users.sourceforge.net>.

> This module is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.

## 2 Porter Stem -- Determine stem and related routines

The `library(porter_stem)` library implements the stemming algorithm described by Porter in Porter, 1980, ``An algorithm for suffix stripping'', Program, Vol. 14, no. 3, pp 130-137. The library comes with some additional predicates that are commonly used in the context of stemming.

porter_stem(+In, -Stem)
  Determine the stem of In. In must represent ISO Latin-1 text. The porter_stem/2 predicate first maps In to lower case, then removes all accents as in unaccent_atom/2 and finally applies the Porter stem algorithm.

unaccent_atom(+In, -ASCII)
  If In is general ISO Latin-1 text with accents, ASCII is unified with a plain ASCII version of the string. Note that the current version only deals with ISO Latin-1 atoms.

tokenize_atom(+In, -TokenList)
  Break the text In into words, numbers and punctuation characters. Tokens are created to the following rules:

  `[-+][0-9]+(\.[0-9]+)?([eE][0-9]+)` | number
  `[:alpha:][:alnum:]+` | word
  `[:space:]+` | skipped
  anything else | single-character

  It is likely that future versions of this library will provide tokenize_atom/3 with additional options to modify space handling as well as the definition of words.

atom_to_stem_list(+In, -ListOfStems)
  Combines the three above routines, returning a list holding an atom with the stem of each word encountered and numbers for encountered numbers.

### 2.1 Origin and Copyright

The code is based on the original Public Domain implementation by Martin Porter as can be found at http://www.tartarus.org/martin/PorterStemmer/. The code has been modified by Jan Wielemaker. He removed all global variables to make the code thread-safe, added the unaccent and tokenize code and created the SWI-Prolog binding.

## 3 Installation

### 3.1 Unix systems

Installation on Unix system uses the commonly found configure, make and make install sequence. SWI-Prolog should be installed before building this package. If SWI-Prolog is not installed as pl, the environment variable `PL` must be set to the name of the SWI-Prolog executable. Installation is now accomplished using:

    % ./configure
    % make
    % make install

This installs the foreign libraries in `$PLBASE/lib/$PLARCH` and the Prolog library files in `$PLBASE/library`, where `$PLBASE` refers to the SWI-Prolog `home-directory'.

# Index

A
atom_to_stem_list/2
D
double_metaphone/2
double_metaphone/3
  1
P
porter_stem/2
  2
T
tokenize_atom/2
tokenize_atom/3
  2
U
unaccent_atom/2
  2