binary.h

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/******************************************************************************
The MIT License(MIT)
 
Embedded Template Library.
https://github.com/ETLCPP/etl
https://www.etlcpp.com
 
Copyright(c) 2015 John Wellbelove
 
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files(the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions :
 
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
******************************************************************************/
 
#ifndef ETL_BINARY_INCLUDED
#define ETL_BINARY_INCLUDED
 
 
#include "platform.h"
#include "type_traits.h"
#include "integral_limits.h"
#include "limits.h"
#include "static_assert.h"
#include "log.h"
#include "power.h"
#include "smallest.h"
#include "exception.h"
#include "error_handler.h"
 
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
  #include <bit>
#endif
 
namespace etl
{
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  class binary_exception : public etl::exception
  {
  public:
 
    binary_exception(string_type reason_, string_type file_name_, numeric_type line_number_)
      : exception(reason_, file_name_, line_number_)
    {
    }
  };
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  class binary_out_of_range : public etl::binary_exception
  {
  public:
 
    binary_out_of_range(string_type file_name_, numeric_type line_number_)
      : etl::binary_exception(ETL_ERROR_TEXT("binary:out of range", ETL_BINARY_FILE_ID"A"), file_name_, line_number_)
    {
    }
  };
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <size_t NBITS>
  struct max_value_for_nbits
  {
    typedef typename etl::smallest_uint_for_bits<NBITS>::type value_type;
    static ETL_CONSTANT value_type value = (value_type(1) << (NBITS - 1)) | max_value_for_nbits<NBITS - 1>::value;
  };
 
  template <>
  struct max_value_for_nbits<0>
  {
    typedef etl::smallest_uint_for_bits<0>::type value_type;
    static ETL_CONSTANT value_type value = 0;
  };
 
  template <size_t NBITS>
  ETL_CONSTANT typename max_value_for_nbits<NBITS>::value_type max_value_for_nbits<NBITS>::value;
 
#if ETL_USING_CPP17
  template <size_t NBITS>
  inline constexpr typename etl::max_value_for_nbits<NBITS>::value_type max_value_for_nbits_v = max_value_for_nbits<NBITS>::value;
#endif
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14 T rotate_left(T value)
  {
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::rotl(value, 1);
#else
    ETL_STATIC_ASSERT(etl::is_integral<T>::value, "Not an integral type");
 
    ETL_CONSTANT size_t SHIFT = etl::integral_limits<typename etl::make_unsigned<T>::type>::bits - 1U;
 
    return (value << 1U) | (value >> SHIFT);
#endif
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14 T rotate_left(T value, size_t distance)
  {
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::rotl(value, distance);
#else
    ETL_STATIC_ASSERT(etl::is_integral<T>::value, "Not an integral type");
 
    ETL_CONSTANT size_t BITS = etl::integral_limits<typename etl::make_unsigned<T>::type>::bits;
    distance %= BITS;
    const size_t SHIFT = BITS - distance;
 
    if (SHIFT == BITS)
    {
      return value;
    }
    else
    {
      return (value << distance) | (value >> SHIFT);
    }
#endif
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14 T rotate_right(T value)
  {
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::rotr(value, 1);
#else
    ETL_STATIC_ASSERT(etl::is_integral<T>::value, "Not an integral type");
 
    ETL_CONSTANT size_t SHIFT = etl::integral_limits<typename etl::make_unsigned<T>::type>::bits - 1U;
 
    return (value >> 1U) | (value << SHIFT);
#endif
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14 T rotate_right(T value, size_t distance)
  {
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::rotr(value, distance);
#else
    ETL_STATIC_ASSERT(etl::is_integral<T>::value, "Not an integral type");
 
    ETL_CONSTANT size_t BITS = etl::integral_limits<typename etl::make_unsigned<T>::type>::bits;
    distance %= BITS;
    const size_t SHIFT = BITS - distance;
 
    if (SHIFT == BITS)
    {
      return value;
    }
    else
    {
      return (value >> distance) | (value << SHIFT);
    }
#endif
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14 T rotate(T value, typename etl::make_signed<size_t>::type distance)
  {
    ETL_STATIC_ASSERT(etl::is_integral<T>::value, "Not an integral type");
 
    T result = T();
 
    if (distance > 0)
    {
      result = rotate_left(value, size_t(distance));
    }
    else
    {
      result = rotate_right(value, size_t(-distance));
    }
 
    return result;
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR T binary_to_gray(T value)
  {
    ETL_STATIC_ASSERT(etl::is_integral<T>::value, "Not an integral type");
 
    return (value >> 1U) ^ value;
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename TReturn, size_t NBITS, typename TValue>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14 TReturn fold_bits(TValue value)
  {
    ETL_STATIC_ASSERT(integral_limits<TReturn>::bits >= NBITS, "Return type too small to hold result");
 
    ETL_CONSTANT TValue mask  = etl::power<2, NBITS>::value - 1U;
    ETL_CONSTANT size_t shift = NBITS;
 
    // Fold the value down to fit the width.
    TReturn folded_value = 0;
 
    // Keep shifting down and XORing the lower bits.
    while (value >= etl::max_value_for_nbits<NBITS>::value)
    {
      folded_value ^= value & mask;
      value >>= shift;
    }
 
    // Fold the remaining bits.
    folded_value ^= value & mask;
 
    return folded_value;
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename TReturn, size_t NBITS, typename TValue>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14 TReturn sign_extend(TValue value)
  {
    ETL_STATIC_ASSERT(etl::is_integral<TValue>::value,  "TValue not an integral type");
    ETL_STATIC_ASSERT(etl::is_integral<TReturn>::value, "TReturn not an integral type");
    ETL_STATIC_ASSERT(NBITS <= etl::integral_limits<TReturn>::bits, "NBITS too large for return type");
 
    struct S
    {
      signed value : NBITS;
    } s = {0};
 
    return (s.value = value);
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename TReturn, size_t NBITS, size_t SHIFT, typename TValue>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14 TReturn sign_extend(TValue value)
  {
    ETL_STATIC_ASSERT(etl::is_integral<TValue>::value,  "TValue not an integral type");
    ETL_STATIC_ASSERT(etl::is_integral<TReturn>::value, "TReturn not an integral type");
    ETL_STATIC_ASSERT(NBITS <= etl::integral_limits<TReturn>::bits, "NBITS too large for return type");
    ETL_STATIC_ASSERT(SHIFT <= etl::integral_limits<TReturn>::bits, "SHIFT too large");
 
    struct S
    {
      signed value : NBITS;
    } s = {0};
 
    return (s.value = (value >> SHIFT));
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename TReturn, typename TValue>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14 TReturn sign_extend(TValue value, size_t NBITS)
  {
    ETL_STATIC_ASSERT(etl::is_integral<TValue>::value,  "TValue not an integral type");
    ETL_STATIC_ASSERT(etl::is_integral<TReturn>::value, "TReturn not an integral type");
 
    ETL_ASSERT((NBITS <= etl::integral_limits<TReturn>::bits), ETL_ERROR(binary_out_of_range));
 
    TReturn mask = TReturn(1) << (NBITS - 1);
    value = value & TValue((TValue(1) << NBITS) - 1);
 
    return TReturn((value ^ mask) - mask);
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename TReturn, typename TValue>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14 TReturn sign_extend(TValue value, size_t NBITS, size_t SHIFT)
  {
    ETL_STATIC_ASSERT(etl::is_integral<TValue>::value,  "TValue not an integral type");
    ETL_STATIC_ASSERT(etl::is_integral<TReturn>::value, "TReturn not an integral type");
 
    ETL_ASSERT((NBITS <= etl::integral_limits<TReturn>::bits), ETL_ERROR(binary_out_of_range));
 
    TReturn mask = TReturn(1) << (NBITS - 1);
    value = (value >> SHIFT) & TValue((TValue(1) << NBITS) - 1);
 
    return TReturn((value ^ mask) - mask);
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14 uint_least8_t first_set_bit_position(T value)
  {
    return count_trailing_zeros(value);
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14 uint_least8_t first_clear_bit_position(T value)
  {
    value = ~value;
    return count_trailing_zeros(value);
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14 uint_least8_t first_bit_position(bool state, T value)
  {
    if (!state)
    {
      value = ~value;
    }
 
    return count_trailing_zeros(value);
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <size_t POSITION>
  struct bit
  {
    typedef typename etl::smallest_uint_for_bits<POSITION + 1>::type value_type;
    static ETL_CONSTANT value_type value = value_type(1) << POSITION;
  };
 
  template <size_t POSITION>
  ETL_CONSTANT typename bit<POSITION>::value_type bit<POSITION>::value;
 
#if ETL_USING_CPP17
  template <size_t POSITION>
  inline constexpr typename bit<POSITION>::value_type bit_v = bit<POSITION>::value;
#endif
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename TResult, typename TValue>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR TResult binary_fill(TValue value)
  {
    ETL_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(TResult) >= sizeof(TValue), "Result must be at least as large as the fill value");
 
    typedef typename etl::make_unsigned<TResult>::type unsigned_r_t;
    typedef typename etl::make_unsigned<TValue>::type  unsigned_v_t;
 
    return TResult(unsigned_v_t(value) * (unsigned_r_t(~unsigned_r_t(0U)) / unsigned_v_t(~unsigned_v_t(0U))));
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename TResult, typename TValue, TValue N>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR TResult binary_fill()
  {
    ETL_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(TResult) >= sizeof(TValue), "Result must be at least as large as the fill value");
 
    typedef typename etl::make_unsigned<TResult>::type unsigned_r_t;
    typedef typename etl::make_unsigned<TValue>::type  unsigned_v_t;
 
    return TResult(unsigned_v_t(N) * (unsigned_r_t(~unsigned_r_t(0U)) / unsigned_v_t(~unsigned_v_t(0U))));
  }
 
#if ETL_USING_8BIT_TYPES
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename TValue>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14 bool has_zero_byte(TValue value)
  {
    typedef typename etl::make_unsigned<TValue>::type unsigned_t;
    ETL_CONSTEXPR14 const unsigned_t mask = etl::binary_fill<unsigned_t, uint8_t>(0x7FU);
    const unsigned_t temp = unsigned_t(~((((unsigned_t(value) & mask) + mask) | unsigned_t(value)) | mask));
 
    return (temp != 0U);
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename TValue, TValue N>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14 bool has_zero_byte()
  {
    typedef typename etl::make_unsigned<TValue>::type unsigned_t;
    ETL_CONSTEXPR14 const unsigned_t mask = etl::binary_fill<unsigned_t, uint8_t>(0x7FU);
    const unsigned_t temp = unsigned_t(~((((unsigned_t(N) & mask) + mask) | unsigned_t(N)) | mask));
 
    return (temp != 0U);
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename TValue>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14 bool has_byte_n(TValue value, uint8_t n)
  {
    return etl::has_zero_byte(TValue(value ^ etl::binary_fill<TValue, uint8_t>(n)));
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename TValue, TValue N>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14 bool has_byte_n(TValue value)
  {
    return etl::has_zero_byte(TValue(value ^ etl::binary_fill<TValue, uint8_t>(N)));
  }
#endif
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR T binary_merge(T first, T second, T mask)
  {
    return second ^ ((second ^ first) & mask);
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T, T MASK>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR T binary_merge(T first, T second)
  {
    return second ^ ((second ^ first) & MASK);
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T, T Value>
  struct reverse_bits_const;
 
#if ETL_USING_8BIT_TYPES
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 8U), T>::type
    reverse_bits(T value)
  {
    value = ((value & 0xAAU) >> 1U) | ((value & 0x55U) << 1U);
    value = ((value & 0xCCU) >> 2U) | ((value & 0x33U) << 2U);
    value = (value >> 4U) | ((value & 0x0FU) << 4U);
 
    return value;
  }
 
  //***********************************
  template <uint8_t Value>
  struct reverse_bits_const<uint8_t, Value>
  {
  private:
 
    static ETL_CONSTANT uint8_t value1 = uint8_t(((Value  & 0xAAU) >> 1U) | ((Value  & 0x55U) << 1U));
    static ETL_CONSTANT uint8_t value2 = uint8_t(((value1 & 0xCCU) >> 2U) | ((value1 & 0x33U) << 2U));
 
  public:
 
    static ETL_CONSTANT uint8_t value = uint8_t((value2 >> 4U) | ((value2 & 0x0FU) << 4U));
  };
 
  template <uint8_t Value>
  ETL_CONSTANT uint8_t reverse_bits_const<uint8_t, Value>::value;
 
  //***********************************
  template <int8_t Value>
  struct reverse_bits_const<int8_t, Value>
  {
  private:
 
    static ETL_CONSTANT int8_t value1 = int8_t(((Value  & 0xAAU) >> 1U) | ((Value  & 0x55U) << 1U));
    static ETL_CONSTANT int8_t value2 = int8_t(((value1 & 0xCCU) >> 2U) | ((value1 & 0x33U) << 2U));
 
  public:
 
    static ETL_CONSTANT int8_t value = int8_t((value2 >> 4U) | ((value2 & 0x0FU) << 4U));
  };
 
  template <int8_t Value>
  ETL_CONSTANT int8_t reverse_bits_const<int8_t, Value>::value;
#endif
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 16U), T>::type
    reverse_bits(T value)
  {
    value = ((value & 0xAAAAU) >> 1U) | ((value & 0x5555U) << 1U);
    value = ((value & 0xCCCCU) >> 2U) | ((value & 0x3333U) << 2U);
    value = ((value & 0xF0F0U) >> 4U) | ((value & 0x0F0FU) << 4U);
    value = (value >> 8U) | ((value & 0xFFU) << 8U);
 
    return value;
  }
 
  //***********************************
  template <uint16_t Value>
  struct reverse_bits_const<uint16_t, Value>
  {
  private:
 
    static ETL_CONSTANT uint16_t value1 = uint16_t(((Value  & 0xAAAAU) >> 1U) | ((Value  & 0x5555U) << 1U));
    static ETL_CONSTANT uint16_t value2 = uint16_t(((value1 & 0xCCCCU) >> 2U) | ((value1 & 0x3333U) << 2U));
    static ETL_CONSTANT uint16_t value3 = uint16_t(((value2 & 0xF0F0U) >> 4U) | ((value2 & 0x0F0FU) << 4U));
 
  public:
 
    static ETL_CONSTANT uint16_t value = uint16_t((value3 >> 8U) | ((value3 & 0xFFU) << 8U));
  };
 
  template <uint16_t Value>
  ETL_CONSTANT uint16_t reverse_bits_const<uint16_t, Value>::value;
 
  //***********************************
  template <int16_t Value>
  struct reverse_bits_const<int16_t, Value>
  {
  private:
 
    static ETL_CONSTANT int16_t value1 = int16_t(((Value  & 0xAAAAU) >> 1U) | ((Value  & 0x5555U) << 1U));
    static ETL_CONSTANT int16_t value2 = int16_t(((value1 & 0xCCCCU) >> 2U) | ((value1 & 0x3333U) << 2U));
    static ETL_CONSTANT int16_t value3 = int16_t(((value2 & 0xF0F0U) >> 4U) | ((value2 & 0x0F0FU) << 4U));
 
  public:
 
    static ETL_CONSTANT int16_t value = int16_t((value3 >> 8U) | ((value3 & 0xFFU) << 8U));
  };
 
  template <int16_t Value>
  ETL_CONSTANT int16_t reverse_bits_const<int16_t, Value>::value;
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 32U), T>::type
    reverse_bits(T value)
  {
    value = ((value & 0xAAAAAAAAUL) >>  1U) | ((value & 0x55555555UL) <<  1U);
    value = ((value & 0xCCCCCCCCUL) >>  2U) | ((value & 0x33333333UL) <<  2U);
    value = ((value & 0xF0F0F0F0UL) >>  4U) | ((value & 0x0F0F0F0FUL) <<  4U);
    value = ((value & 0xFF00FF00UL) >>  8U) | ((value & 0x00FF00FFUL) <<  8U);
    value = (value >> 16U) | ((value & 0xFFFFU) << 16U);
 
    return value;
  }
 
  //***********************************
  template <uint32_t Value>
  struct reverse_bits_const<uint32_t, Value>
  {
  private:
 
    static ETL_CONSTANT uint32_t value1 = uint32_t(((Value  & 0xAAAAAAAAUL) >>  1U) | ((Value  & 0x55555555UL) <<  1U));
    static ETL_CONSTANT uint32_t value2 = uint32_t(((value1 & 0xCCCCCCCCUL) >>  2U) | ((value1 & 0x33333333UL) <<  2U));
    static ETL_CONSTANT uint32_t value3 = uint32_t(((value2 & 0xF0F0F0F0UL) >>  4U) | ((value2 & 0x0F0F0F0FUL) <<  4U));
    static ETL_CONSTANT uint32_t value4 = uint32_t(((value3 & 0xFF00FF00UL) >>  8U) | ((value3 & 0x00FF00FFUL) <<  8U));
 
  public:
 
    static ETL_CONSTANT uint32_t value = uint32_t((value4 >> 16U) | ((value4 & 0xFFFFU) << 16U));
  };
 
  template <uint32_t Value>
  ETL_CONSTANT uint32_t reverse_bits_const<uint32_t, Value>::value;
 
  //***********************************
  template <int32_t Value>
  struct reverse_bits_const<int32_t, Value>
  {
  private:
 
    static ETL_CONSTANT int32_t value1 = int32_t(((Value  & 0xAAAAAAAAUL) >>  1U) | ((Value  & 0x55555555UL) <<  1U));
    static ETL_CONSTANT int32_t value2 = int32_t(((value1 & 0xCCCCCCCCUL) >>  2U) | ((value1 & 0x33333333UL) <<  2U));
    static ETL_CONSTANT int32_t value3 = int32_t(((value2 & 0xF0F0F0F0UL) >>  4U) | ((value2 & 0x0F0F0F0FUL) <<  4U));
    static ETL_CONSTANT int32_t value4 = int32_t(((value3 & 0xFF00FF00UL) >>  8U) | ((value3 & 0x00FF00FFUL) <<  8U));
 
  public:
 
    static ETL_CONSTANT int32_t value = int32_t((value4 >> 16U) | ((value4 & 0xFFFFUL) << 16U));
  };
 
  template <int32_t Value>
  ETL_CONSTANT int32_t reverse_bits_const<int32_t, Value>::value;
 
#if ETL_USING_64BIT_TYPES
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 64U), T>::type
    reverse_bits(T value)
  {
    value = ((value & 0xAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAULL) >>  1U) | ((value & 0x5555555555555555ULL) <<  1U);
    value = ((value & 0xCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCULL) >>  2U) | ((value & 0x3333333333333333ULL) <<  2U);
    value = ((value & 0xF0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0ULL) >>  4U) | ((value & 0x0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0FULL) <<  4U);
    value = ((value & 0xFF00FF00FF00FF00ULL) >>  8U) | ((value & 0x00FF00FF00FF00FFULL) <<  8U);
    value = ((value & 0xFFFF0000FFFF0000ULL) >> 16U) | ((value & 0x0000FFFF0000FFFFULL) << 16U);
    value = (value >> 32U) | ((value & 0xFFFFFFFFULL) << 32U);
 
    return value;
  }
 
  //***********************************
  template <uint64_t Value>
  struct reverse_bits_const<uint64_t, Value>
  {
  private:
 
    static ETL_CONSTANT uint64_t value1 = uint64_t(((Value  & 0xAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAULL) >>  1U) | ((Value  & 0x5555555555555555ULL) <<  1U));
    static ETL_CONSTANT uint64_t value2 = uint64_t(((value1 & 0xCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCULL) >>  2U) | ((value1 & 0x3333333333333333ULL) <<  2U));
    static ETL_CONSTANT uint64_t value3 = uint64_t(((value2 & 0xF0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0ULL) >>  4U) | ((value2 & 0x0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0FULL) <<  4U));
    static ETL_CONSTANT uint64_t value4 = uint64_t(((value3 & 0xFF00FF00FF00FF00ULL) >>  8U) | ((value3 & 0x00FF00FF00FF00FFULL) <<  8U));
    static ETL_CONSTANT uint64_t value5 = uint64_t(((value4 & 0xFFFF0000FFFF0000ULL) >> 16U) | ((value4 & 0x0000FFFF0000FFFFULL) << 16U));
 
  public:
 
    static ETL_CONSTANT uint64_t value = uint64_t((value5 >> 32U) | ((value5 & 0xFFFFFFFFULL) << 32U));
  };
 
  template <uint64_t Value>
  ETL_CONSTANT uint64_t reverse_bits_const<uint64_t, Value>::value;
 
  //***********************************
  template <int64_t Value>
  struct reverse_bits_const<int64_t, Value>
  {
  private:
 
    static ETL_CONSTANT int64_t value1 = int64_t(((Value  & 0xAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAULL) >>  1U) | ((Value  & 0x5555555555555555ULL) <<  1U));
    static ETL_CONSTANT int64_t value2 = int64_t(((value1 & 0xCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCULL) >>  2U) | ((value1 & 0x3333333333333333ULL) <<  2U));
    static ETL_CONSTANT int64_t value3 = int64_t(((value2 & 0xF0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0ULL) >>  4U) | ((value2 & 0x0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0FULL) <<  4U));
    static ETL_CONSTANT int64_t value4 = int64_t(((value3 & 0xFF00FF00FF00FF00ULL) >>  8U) | ((value3 & 0x00FF00FF00FF00FFULL) <<  8U));
    static ETL_CONSTANT int64_t value5 = int64_t(((value4 & 0xFFFF0000FFFF0000ULL) >> 16U) | ((value4 & 0x0000FFFF0000FFFFULL) << 16U));
 
  public:
 
    static ETL_CONSTANT int64_t value = int64_t((value5 >> 32U) | ((value5 & 0xFFFFFFFFULL) << 32U));
  };
 
  template <int64_t Value>
  ETL_CONSTANT int64_t reverse_bits_const<int64_t, Value>::value;
#endif
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_signed<T>::value, T>::type
    reverse_bits(T value)
  {
    typedef typename etl::make_unsigned<T>::type unsigned_t;
 
    return static_cast<T>(reverse_bits(static_cast<unsigned_t>(value)));
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
#if ETL_USING_8BIT_TYPES
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 8U), T>::type
    reverse_bytes(T value)
  {
    return value;
  }
#endif
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 16U), T>::type
    reverse_bytes(T value)
  {
#if ETL_CPP23_SUPPORTED && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::byteswap(value);
#else
    return (value >> 8U) | (value << 8U);
#endif
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14 
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 32U), T>::type
    reverse_bytes(T value)
  {
#if ETL_CPP23_SUPPORTED && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::byteswap(value);
#else
    value = ((value & 0xFF00FF00UL) >> 8U) | ((value & 0x00FF00FFUL) << 8U);
    value = (value >> 16U) | (value << 16U);
 
    return value;
#endif
  }
 
#if ETL_USING_64BIT_TYPES
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 64U), T>::type
    reverse_bytes(T value)
  {
#if ETL_CPP23_SUPPORTED && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::byteswap(value);
#else
    value = ((value & 0xFF00FF00FF00FF00ULL) >> 8U)  | ((value & 0x00FF00FF00FF00FFULL) << 8U);
    value = ((value & 0xFFFF0000FFFF0000ULL) >> 16U) | ((value & 0x0000FFFF0000FFFFULL) << 16U);
    value = (value >> 32U) | (value << 32U);
 
    return value;
#endif
  }
#endif
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_signed<T>::value, T>::type
    reverse_bytes(T value)
  {
    typedef typename etl::make_unsigned<T>::type unsigned_t;
 
    return static_cast<T>(reverse_bytes(static_cast<unsigned_t>(value)));
  }
 
#if ETL_USING_8BIT_TYPES
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 8U), T>::type
    gray_to_binary(T value)
  {
    value ^= (value >> 4U);
    value ^= (value >> 2U);
    value ^= (value >> 1U);
 
    return value;
  }
#endif
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 16U), T>::type
    gray_to_binary(T value)
  {
    value ^= (value >> 8U);
    value ^= (value >> 4U);
    value ^= (value >> 2U);
    value ^= (value >> 1U);
 
    return value;
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 32U), T>::type
    gray_to_binary(T value)
  {
    value ^= (value >> 16U);
    value ^= (value >> 8U);
    value ^= (value >> 4U);
    value ^= (value >> 2U);
    value ^= (value >> 1U);
 
    return value;
  }
 
#if ETL_USING_64BIT_TYPES
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 64U), T>::type
    gray_to_binary(T value)
  {
    value ^= (value >> 32U);
    value ^= (value >> 16U);
    value ^= (value >> 8U);
    value ^= (value >> 4U);
    value ^= (value >> 2U);
    value ^= (value >> 1U);
 
    return value;
  }
#endif
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_signed<T>::value, T>::type
    gray_to_binary(T value)
  {
    typedef typename etl::make_unsigned<T>::type unsigned_t;
 
    return static_cast<T>(gray_to_binary(static_cast<unsigned_t>(value)));
  }
 
#if ETL_USING_8BIT_TYPES
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 8U), uint_least8_t>::type
    count_bits(T value)
  {
#if ETL_CPP23_SUPPORTED && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::popcount(value);
#else
    uint32_t count = 0U;
 
    count = value - ((value >> 1U) & 0x55U);
    count = ((count >> 2U) & 0x33U) + (count & 0x33U);
    count = ((count >> 4U) + count) & 0x0FU;
 
    return uint_least8_t(count);
#endif
  }
#endif
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 16U), uint_least8_t>::type
    count_bits(T value)
  {
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::popcount(value);
#else
    uint32_t count = 0U;
 
    count = value - ((value >> 1U) & 0x5555U);
    count = ((count >> 2U) & 0x3333U) + (count & 0x3333U);
    count = ((count >> 4U) + count) & 0x0F0FU;
    count = ((count >> 8U) + count) & 0x00FFU;
 
    return static_cast<uint_least8_t>(count);
#endif
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 32U), uint_least8_t>::type
    count_bits(T value)
  {
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::popcount(value);
#else
    uint32_t count = 0U;
 
    count = value - ((value >> 1U) & 0x55555555UL);
    count = ((count >> 2U) & 0x33333333UL) + (count & 0x33333333UL);
    count = ((count >> 4U)  + count) & 0x0F0F0F0FUL;
    count = ((count >> 8U)  + count) & 0x00FF00FFUL;
    count = ((count >> 16U) + count) & 0x0000FFUL;
 
    return static_cast<uint_least8_t>(count);
#endif
  }
 
#if ETL_USING_64BIT_TYPES
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 64U), uint_least8_t>::type
    count_bits(T value)
  {
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::popcount(value);
#else
    uint64_t count = 0U;
 
    count = value - ((value >> 1U) & 0x5555555555555555ULL);
    count = ((count >> 2U) & 0x3333333333333333ULL) + (count & 0x3333333333333333ULL);
    count = ((count >> 4U)  + count) & 0x0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0FULL;
    count = ((count >> 8U)  + count) & 0x00FF00FF00FF00FFULL;
    count = ((count >> 16U) + count) & 0x0000FFFF0000FFFFULL;
    count = ((count >> 32U) + count) & 0x00000000FFFFFFFFULL;
 
    return static_cast<uint_least8_t>(count);
#endif
  }
#endif
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_signed<T>::value, uint_least8_t>::type
    count_bits(T value)
  {
    typedef typename etl::make_unsigned<T>::type unsigned_t;
 
    return static_cast<T>(count_bits(static_cast<unsigned_t>(value)));
  }
 
#if ETL_USING_8BIT_TYPES
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 8U), uint_least8_t>::type
    parity(T value)
  {
    value ^= value >> 4U;
    value &= 0x0FU;
    return (0x6996U >> value) & 1U;
  }
#endif
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 16U), uint_least8_t>::type
    parity(T value)
  {
    value ^= value >> 8U;
    value ^= value >> 4U;
    value &= 0x0FU;
    return (0x6996U >> value) & 1U;
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 32U), uint_least8_t>::type
    parity(T value)
  {
    value ^= value >> 16U;
    value ^= value >> 8U;
    value ^= value >> 4U;
    value &= 0x0FU;
    return (0x6996U >> value) & 1U;
  }
 
#if ETL_USING_64BIT_TYPES
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 64U), uint_least8_t>::type
    parity(T value)
  {
    value ^= value >> 32U;
    value ^= value >> 16U;
    value ^= value >> 8U;
    value ^= value >> 4U;
    value &= 0x0FU;
    return (0x69966996UL >> value) & 1U;
  }
#endif
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_signed<T>::value, uint_least8_t>::type
    parity(T value)
  {
    typedef typename etl::make_unsigned<T>::type unsigned_t;
 
    return static_cast<T>(parity(static_cast<unsigned_t>(value)));
  }
 
#if ETL_USING_8BIT_TYPES
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 8U), uint_least8_t>::type
    count_trailing_zeros(T value)
  {
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::countr_zero(value);
#else
    uint_least8_t count = 0U;
 
    if (value & 0x1U)
    {
      count = 0U;
    }
    else
    {
      count = 1U;
 
      if ((value & 0xFU) == 0U)
      {
        value >>= 4U;
        count += 4U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0x3U) == 0U)
      {
        value >>= 2U;
        count += 2U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0x1U) == 0U)
      {
        value >>= 1U;
        count += 1U;
      }
 
      count -= (value & 0x1U);
    }
 
    return count;
#endif
  }
#endif
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 16U), uint_least8_t>::type
    count_trailing_zeros(T value)
  {
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::countr_zero(value);
#else
    uint_least8_t count = 0U;
 
    if (value & 0x1U)
    {
      count = 0U;
    }
    else
    {
      count = 1U;
 
      if ((value & 0xFFU) == 0U)
      {
        value >>= 8U;
        count += 8U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xFU) == 0U)
      {
        value >>= 4U;
        count += 4U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0x3U) == 0U)
      {
        value >>= 2U;
        count += 2U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0x1U) == 0U)
      {
        value >>= 1U;
        count += 1U;
      }
 
      count -= value & 0x1U;
    }
 
    return count;
#endif
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 32U), uint_least8_t>::type
    count_trailing_zeros(T value)
  {
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::countr_zero(value);
#else
    uint_least8_t count = 0U;
 
    if (value & 0x1UL)
    {
      count = 0U;
    }
    else
    {
      count = 1U;
 
      if ((value & 0xFFFFUL) == 0UL)
      {
        value >>= 16U;
        count += 16U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xFFUL) == 0UL)
      {
        value >>= 8U;
        count += 8U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xFUL) == 0UL)
      {
        value >>= 4U;
        count += 4U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0x3UL) == 0UL)
      {
        value >>= 2U;
        count += 2U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0x1U) == 0U)
      {
        value >>= 1U;
        count += 1U;
      }
 
      count -= value & 0x1UL;
    }
 
    return count;
#endif
  }
 
#if ETL_USING_64BIT_TYPES
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 64U), uint_least8_t>::type
    count_trailing_zeros(T value)
  {
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::countr_zero(value);
#else
      uint_least8_t count = 0U;
 
      if (value & 0x1ULL)
      {
        count = 0U;
      }
      else
      {
        count = 1U;
 
        if ((value & 0xFFFFFFFFULL) == 0ULL)
        {
          value >>= 32U;
          count += 32U;
        }
 
        if ((value & 0xFFFFULL) == 0ULL)
        {
          value >>= 16U;
          count += 16U;
        }
 
        if ((value & 0xFFULL) == 0ULL)
        {
          value >>= 8U;
          count += 8U;
        }
 
        if ((value & 0xFULL) == 0ULL)
        {
          value >>= 4U;
          count += 4U;
        }
 
        if ((value & 0x3ULL) == 0ULL)
        {
          value >>= 2U;
          count += 2U;
        }
 
        if ((value & 0x1U) == 0U)
        {
          value >>= 1U;
          count += 1U;
        }
 
        count -= value & 0x1ULL;
      }
 
      return count;
#endif
  }
#endif
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_signed<T>::value, uint_least8_t>::type
    count_trailing_zeros(T value)
  {
    typedef typename etl::make_unsigned<T>::type unsigned_t;
 
    return static_cast<T>(count_trailing_zeros(static_cast<unsigned_t>(value)));
  }
 
#if ETL_USING_8BIT_TYPES
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 8U), uint_least8_t>::type
    count_trailing_ones(T value)
  {
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::countr_one(value);
#else
    uint_least8_t count = 0U;
 
    if ((value & 0x1U) == 0x0U)
    {
      count = 0U;
    }
    else
    {
      count = 1U;
 
      if ((value & 0xFU) == 0xFU)
      {
        value >>= 4U;
        count += 4U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0x3U) == 0x3U)
      {
        value >>= 2U;
        count += 2U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0x1U) == 0x1U)
      {
        value >>= 1U;
        count += 1U;
      }
 
      count -= ((value & 0x1U) == 0x0U);
    }
 
    return count;
#endif
  }
#endif
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 16U), uint_least8_t>::type
    count_trailing_ones(T value)
  {
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::countr_one(value);
#else
    uint_least8_t count = 0U;
 
    if ((value & 0x1U) == 0x0U)
    {
      count = 0U;
    }
    else
    {
      count = 1U;
 
      if ((value & 0xFFU) == 0xFFU)
      {
        value >>= 8U;
        count += 8U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xFU) == 0xFU)
      {
        value >>= 4U;
        count += 4U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0x3U) == 0x3U)
      {
        value >>= 2U;
        count += 2U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0x1U) == 0x1U)
      {
        value >>= 1U;
        count += 1U;
      }
 
      count -= ((value & 0x1U) == 0x0U);
    }
 
    return count;
#endif
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 32U), uint_least8_t>::type
    count_trailing_ones(T value)
  {
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::countr_one(value);
#else
    uint_least8_t count = 0U;
 
    if ((value & 0x1UL) == 0x0UL)
    {
      count = 0U;
    }
    else
    {
      count = 1U;
 
      if ((value & 0xFFFFUL) == 0xFFFFUL)
      {
        value >>= 16U;
        count += 16U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xFFUL) == 0xFFUL)
      {
        value >>= 8U;
        count += 8U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xFUL) == 0xFUL)
      {
        value >>= 4U;
        count += 4U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0x3UL) == 0x3UL)
      {
        value >>= 2U;
        count += 2U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0x1UL) == 0x1UL)
      {
        value >>= 1U;
        count += 1U;
      }
 
      count -= ((value & 0x1UL) == 0x0UL);
    }
 
    return count;
#endif
  }
 
#if ETL_USING_64BIT_TYPES
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 64U), uint_least8_t>::type
    count_trailing_ones(T value)
  {
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::countr_one(value);
#else
    uint_least8_t count = 0U;
 
    if ((value & 0x1ULL) == 0x0ULL)
    {
      count = 0U;
    }
    else
    {
      count = 1U;
 
      if ((value & 0xFFFFULL) == 0xFFFFULL)
      {
        value >>= 16U;
        count += 16U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xFFULL) == 0xFFULL)
      {
        value >>= 8U;
        count += 8U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xFULL) == 0xFULL)
      {
        value >>= 4U;
        count += 4U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0x3ULL) == 0x3ULL)
      {
        value >>= 2U;
        count += 2U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0x1ULL) == 0x1ULL)
      {
        value >>= 1U;
        count += 1U;
      }
 
      count -= ((value & 0x1ULL) == 0x0ULL);
    }
 
    return count;
#endif
  }
#endif
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value&& etl::is_signed<T>::value, uint_least8_t>::type
    count_trailing_ones(T value)
  {
    typedef typename etl::make_unsigned<T>::type unsigned_t;
 
    return static_cast<T>(count_trailing_ones(static_cast<unsigned_t>(value)));
  }
 
#if ETL_USING_8BIT_TYPES
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 8U), uint_least8_t>::type
    count_leading_zeros(T value)
  {
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::countl_zero(value);
#else
    uint_least8_t count = 0U;
 
    if (value & 0x80U)
    {
      count = 0U;
    }
    else
    {
      count = 1U;
 
      if ((value & 0xF0U) == 0U)
      {
        value <<= 4U;
        count += 4U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xC0U) == 0U)
      {
        value <<= 2U;
        count += 2U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0x80U) == 0U)
      {
        value <<= 1U;
        count += 1U;
      }
 
      count -= ((value & 0x80U) == 0x80U);
    }
 
    return count;
#endif
  }
#endif
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 16U), uint_least8_t>::type
    count_leading_zeros(T value)
  {
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::countl_zero(value);
#else
    uint_least8_t count = 0U;
 
    if (value & 0x8000U)
    {
      count = 0U;
    }
    else
    {
      count = 1U;
 
      if ((value & 0xFF00U) == 0U)
      {
        value <<= 8U;
        count += 8U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xF000U) == 0U)
      {
        value <<= 4U;
        count += 4U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xC000U) == 0U)
      {
        value <<= 2U;
        count += 2U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0x8000U) == 0U)
      {
        value <<= 1U;
        count += 1U;
      }
 
      count -= ((value & 0x8000U) == 0x8000U);
    }
 
    return count;
#endif
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 32U), uint_least8_t>::type
    count_leading_zeros(T value)
  {
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::countl_zero(value);
#else
    uint_least8_t count = 0U;
 
    if (value & 0x80000000UL)
    {
      count = 0U;
    }
    else
    {
      count = 1U;
 
      if ((value & 0xFFFF0000UL) == 0U)
      {
        value <<= 16U;
        count += 16U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xFF000000UL) == 0U)
      {
        value <<= 8U;
        count += 8U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xF0000000UL) == 0U)
      {
        value <<= 4U;
        count += 4U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xC0000000UL) == 0U)
      {
        value <<= 2U;
        count += 2U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0x80000000UL) == 0U)
      {
        value <<= 1U;
        count += 1U;
      }
 
      count -= ((value & 0x80000000UL) == 0x80000000UL);
    }
 
    return count;
#endif
  }
 
#if ETL_USING_64BIT_TYPES
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 64U), uint_least8_t>::type
    count_leading_zeros(T value)
  {
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::countl_zero(value);
#else
    uint_least8_t count = 0U;
 
    if (value & 0x8000000000000000ULL)
    {
      count = 0U;
    }
    else
    {
      count = 1U;
 
      if ((value & 0xFFFFFFFFF0000000ULL) == 0U)
      {
        value <<= 32U;
        count += 32U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xFFFF000000000000ULL) == 0U)
      {
        value <<= 16U;
        count += 16U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xFF00000000000000ULL) == 0U)
      {
        value <<= 8U;
        count += 8U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xF000000000000000ULL) == 0U)
      {
        value <<= 4U;
        count += 4U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xC000000000000000ULL) == 0U)
      {
        value <<= 2U;
        count += 2U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0x8000000000000000ULL) == 0U)
      {
        value <<= 1U;
        count += 1U;
      }
 
      count -= ((value & 0x8000000000000000ULL) == 0x8000000000000000ULL);
    }
 
    return count;
#endif
  }
#endif
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_signed<T>::value, uint_least8_t>::type
    count_leading_zeros(T value)
  {
    typedef typename etl::make_unsigned<T>::type unsigned_t;
 
    return static_cast<T>(count_trailing_ones(static_cast<unsigned_t>(value)));
  }
 
#if ETL_USING_8BIT_TYPES
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 8U), uint_least8_t>::type
    count_leading_ones(T value)
  {
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::countl_one(value);
#else
    uint_least8_t count = 0U;
 
    if ((value & 0x80U) == 0U)
    {
      count = 0U;
    }
    else
    {
      count = 1U;
 
      if ((value & 0xF0U) == 0xF0U)
      {
        value <<= 4U;
        count += 4U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xC0U) == 0xC0U)
      {
        value <<= 2U;
        count += 2U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0x80U) == 0x80U)
      {
        value <<= 1U;
        count += 1U;
      }
 
      count -= ((value & 0x80U) == 0x0U);
    }
 
    return count;
#endif
  }
#endif
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 16U), uint_least8_t>::type
    count_leading_ones(T value)
  {
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::countl_one(value);
#else
    uint_least8_t count = 0U;
 
    if ((value & 0x8000U) == 0U)
    {
      count = 0U;
    }
    else
    {
      count = 1U;
 
      if ((value & 0xFF00U) == 0xFF00U)
      {
        value <<= 8U;
        count += 8U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xF000U) == 0xF000U)
      {
        value <<= 4U;
        count += 4U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xC000U) == 0xC000U)
      {
        value <<= 2U;
        count += 2U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0x8000U) == 0x8000U)
      {
        value <<= 1U;
        count += 1U;
      }
 
      count -= ((value & 0x8000U) == 0U);
    }
 
    return count;
#endif
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 32U), uint_least8_t>::type
    count_leading_ones(T value)
  {
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::countl_one(value);
#else
    uint_least8_t count = 0U;
 
    if ((value & 0x80000000UL) == 0UL)
    {
      count = 0U;
    }
    else
    {
      count = 1U;
 
      if ((value & 0xFFFF0000UL) == 0xFFFF0000UL)
      {
        value <<= 8U;
        count += 8U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xFF000000UL) == 0xFF000000UL)
      {
        value <<= 8U;
        count += 8U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xF0000000UL) == 0xF0000000UL)
      {
        value <<= 4U;
        count += 4U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xC0000000UL) == 0xC0000000UL)
      {
        value <<= 2U;
        count += 2U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0x80000000UL) == 0x80000000UL)
      {
        value <<= 1U;
        count += 1U;
      }
 
      count -= ((value & 0x80000000UL) == 0UL);
    }
 
    return count;
#endif
  }
 
#if ETL_USING_64BIT_TYPES
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 64U), uint_least8_t>::type
    count_leading_ones(T value)
  {
#if ETL_USING_CPP20 && ETL_USING_STL
    return std::countl_one(value);
#else
    uint_least8_t count = 0U;
 
    if ((value & 0x8000000000000000ULL) == 0ULL)
    {
      count = 0U;
    }
    else
    {
      count = 1U;
 
      if ((value & 0xFFFFFFFF00000000ULL) == 0xFFFFFFFF00000000ULL)
      {
        value <<= 8U;
        count += 8U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xFFFF000000000000ULL) == 0xFFFF000000000000ULL)
      {
        value <<= 8U;
        count += 8U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xFF00000000000000ULL) == 0xFF00000000000000ULL)
      {
        value <<= 8U;
        count += 8U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xF000000000000000ULL) == 0xF000000000000000ULL)
      {
        value <<= 4U;
        count += 4U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0xC000000000000000ULL) == 0xC000000000000000ULL)
      {
        value <<= 2U;
        count += 2U;
      }
 
      if ((value & 0x8000000000000000ULL) == 0x8000000000000000ULL)
      {
        value <<= 1U;
        count += 1U;
      }
 
      count -= ((value & 0x8000000000000000ULL) == 0ULL);
    }
 
    return count;
#endif
  }
#endif
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_signed<T>::value, uint_least8_t>::type
    count_leading_ones(T value)
  {
    typedef typename etl::make_unsigned<T>::type unsigned_t;
 
    return static_cast<T>(count_leading_ones(static_cast<unsigned_t>(value)));
  }
 
#if ETL_USING_8BIT_TYPES
  //*****************************************************************************
  //*****************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value&& etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 8U), uint16_t>::type
    binary_interleave(T first, T second)
  {
      uint16_t f = uint16_t(first);
      uint16_t s = uint16_t(second);
 
      f = (f | (f << 4U)) & 0x0F0FU;
      f = (f | (f << 2U)) & 0x3333U;
      f = (f | (f << 1U)) & 0x5555U;
 
      s = (s | (s << 4U)) & 0x0F0FU;
      s = (s | (s << 2U)) & 0x3333U;
      s = (s | (s << 1U)) & 0x5555U;
 
      return (f | (s << 1U));
  }
#endif
 
  //*****************************************************************************
  //*****************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 16U), uint32_t>::type
    binary_interleave(T first, T second)
  {
      uint32_t f = uint32_t(first);
      uint32_t s = uint32_t(second);
 
      f = (f | (f << 8U)) & 0x00FF00FFUL;
      f = (f | (f << 4U)) & 0x0F0F0F0FUL;
      f = (f | (f << 2U)) & 0x33333333UL;
      f = (f | (f << 1U)) & 0x55555555UL;
 
      s = (s | (s << 8U)) & 0x00FF00FFUL;
      s = (s | (s << 4U)) & 0x0F0F0F0FUL;
      s = (s | (s << 2U)) & 0x33333333UL;
      s = (s | (s << 1U)) & 0x55555555UL;
 
      return (f | (s << 1U));
  }
 
#if ETL_USING_64BIT_TYPES
  //*****************************************************************************
  //*****************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_unsigned<T>::value && (etl::integral_limits<T>::bits == 32U), uint64_t>::type
    binary_interleave(T first, T second)
  {
      uint64_t f = uint64_t(first);
      uint64_t s = uint64_t(second);
 
      f = (f | (f << 16U)) & 0x0000FFFF0000FFFFULL;
      f = (f | (f << 8U))  & 0x00FF00FF00FF00FFULL;
      f = (f | (f << 4U))  & 0x0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0FULL;
      f = (f | (f << 2U))  & 0x3333333333333333ULL;
      f = (f | (f << 1U))  & 0x5555555555555555ULL;
 
      s = (s | (s << 16U)) & 0x0000FFFF0000FFFFULL;
      s = (s | (s << 8U))  & 0x00FF00FF00FF00FFULL;
      s = (s | (s << 4U))  & 0x0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0FULL;
      s = (s | (s << 2U))  & 0x3333333333333333ULL;
      s = (s | (s << 1U))  & 0x5555555555555555ULL;
 
      return (f | (s << 1U));
  }
#endif
 
  //*****************************************************************************
  //*****************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14
    typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value && etl::is_signed<T>::value, T>::type  
    binary_interleave(T first, T second)
  {
    return int64_t(binary_interleave(uint16_t(first), uint16_t(second)));
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value, bool>::type
   is_odd(T value)
  {
      return ((static_cast<typename etl::make_unsigned<T>::type>(value) & 1U) != 0U);
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR typename etl::enable_if<etl::is_integral<T>::value, bool>::type
    is_even(T value)
  {
    return ((static_cast<typename etl::make_unsigned<T>::type>(value) & 1U) == 0U);
  }
 
  //***********************************
  template <typename T, size_t NBits>
  class lsb_mask
  {
  public:
 
    static ETL_CONSTANT T value = static_cast<T>(etl::max_value_for_nbits<NBits>::value);
  };
 
  template <typename T, size_t NBits>
  ETL_CONSTANT T lsb_mask<T, NBits>::value;
 
  //***********************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14 T make_lsb_mask(size_t nbits)
  {
    typedef typename etl::make_unsigned<T>::type type;
 
    return (nbits == etl::integral_limits<type>::bits) ? static_cast<T>(etl::integral_limits<type>::max)
                                                       : static_cast<T>((static_cast<type>(1U) << nbits) - 1U);
  }
 
  //***********************************
  template <typename T, size_t NBits>
  class msb_mask
  {
  public:
 
    static ETL_CONSTANT T value = static_cast<T>(etl::reverse_bits_const<T, lsb_mask<T, NBits>::value>::value);
  };
 
  template <typename T, size_t NBits>
  ETL_CONSTANT T msb_mask<T, NBits>::value;
 
  //***********************************
  template <typename T>
  ETL_CONSTEXPR14 T make_msb_mask(size_t nbits)
  {
    return static_cast<T>(etl::reverse_bits(make_lsb_mask<T>(nbits)));
  }
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  enum binary_constant
  {
    b00000000 = 0U,
    b00000001 = 1U,
    b00000010 = 2U,
    b00000011 = 3U,
    b00000100 = 4U,
    b00000101 = 5U,
    b00000110 = 6U,
    b00000111 = 7U,
    b00001000 = 8U,
    b00001001 = 9U,
    b00001010 = 10U,
    b00001011 = 11U,
    b00001100 = 12U,
    b00001101 = 13U,
    b00001110 = 14U,
    b00001111 = 15U,
    b00010000 = 16U,
    b00010001 = 17U,
    b00010010 = 18U,
    b00010011 = 19U,
    b00010100 = 20U,
    b00010101 = 21U,
    b00010110 = 22U,
    b00010111 = 23U,
    b00011000 = 24U,
    b00011001 = 25U,
    b00011010 = 26U,
    b00011011 = 27U,
    b00011100 = 28U,
    b00011101 = 29U,
    b00011110 = 30U,
    b00011111 = 31U,
    b00100000 = 32U,
    b00100001 = 33U,
    b00100010 = 34U,
    b00100011 = 35U,
    b00100100 = 36U,
    b00100101 = 37U,
    b00100110 = 38U,
    b00100111 = 39U,
    b00101000 = 40U,
    b00101001 = 41U,
    b00101010 = 42U,
    b00101011 = 43U,
    b00101100 = 44U,
    b00101101 = 45U,
    b00101110 = 46U,
    b00101111 = 47U,
    b00110000 = 48U,
    b00110001 = 49U,
    b00110010 = 50U,
    b00110011 = 51U,
    b00110100 = 52U,
    b00110101 = 53U,
    b00110110 = 54U,
    b00110111 = 55U,
    b00111000 = 56U,
    b00111001 = 57U,
    b00111010 = 58U,
    b00111011 = 59U,
    b00111100 = 60U,
    b00111101 = 61U,
    b00111110 = 62U,
    b00111111 = 63U,
    b01000000 = 64U,
    b01000001 = 65U,
    b01000010 = 66U,
    b01000011 = 67U,
    b01000100 = 68U,
    b01000101 = 69U,
    b01000110 = 70U,
    b01000111 = 71U,
    b01001000 = 72U,
    b01001001 = 73U,
    b01001010 = 74U,
    b01001011 = 75U,
    b01001100 = 76U,
    b01001101 = 77U,
    b01001110 = 78U,
    b01001111 = 79U,
    b01010000 = 80U,
    b01010001 = 81U,
    b01010010 = 82U,
    b01010011 = 83U,
    b01010100 = 84U,
    b01010101 = 85U,
    b01010110 = 86U,
    b01010111 = 87U,
    b01011000 = 88U,
    b01011001 = 89U,
    b01011010 = 90U,
    b01011011 = 91U,
    b01011100 = 92U,
    b01011101 = 93U,
    b01011110 = 94U,
    b01011111 = 95U,
    b01100000 = 96U,
    b01100001 = 97U,
    b01100010 = 98U,
    b01100011 = 99U,
    b01100100 = 100U,
    b01100101 = 101U,
    b01100110 = 102U,
    b01100111 = 103U,
    b01101000 = 104U,
    b01101001 = 105U,
    b01101010 = 106U,
    b01101011 = 107U,
    b01101100 = 108U,
    b01101101 = 109U,
    b01101110 = 110U,
    b01101111 = 111U,
    b01110000 = 112U,
    b01110001 = 113U,
    b01110010 = 114U,
    b01110011 = 115U,
    b01110100 = 116U,
    b01110101 = 117U,
    b01110110 = 118U,
    b01110111 = 119U,
    b01111000 = 120U,
    b01111001 = 121U,
    b01111010 = 122U,
    b01111011 = 123U,
    b01111100 = 124U,
    b01111101 = 125U,
    b01111110 = 126U,
    b01111111 = 127U,
    b10000000 = 128U,
    b10000001 = 129U,
    b10000010 = 130U,
    b10000011 = 131U,
    b10000100 = 132U,
    b10000101 = 133U,
    b10000110 = 134U,
    b10000111 = 135U,
    b10001000 = 136U,
    b10001001 = 137U,
    b10001010 = 138U,
    b10001011 = 139U,
    b10001100 = 140U,
    b10001101 = 141U,
    b10001110 = 142U,
    b10001111 = 143U,
    b10010000 = 144U,
    b10010001 = 145U,
    b10010010 = 146U,
    b10010011 = 147U,
    b10010100 = 148U,
    b10010101 = 149U,
    b10010110 = 150U,
    b10010111 = 151U,
    b10011000 = 152U,
    b10011001 = 153U,
    b10011010 = 154U,
    b10011011 = 155U,
    b10011100 = 156U,
    b10011101 = 157U,
    b10011110 = 158U,
    b10011111 = 159U,
    b10100000 = 160U,
    b10100001 = 161U,
    b10100010 = 162U,
    b10100011 = 163U,
    b10100100 = 164U,
    b10100101 = 165U,
    b10100110 = 166U,
    b10100111 = 167U,
    b10101000 = 168U,
    b10101001 = 169U,
    b10101010 = 170U,
    b10101011 = 171U,
    b10101100 = 172U,
    b10101101 = 173U,
    b10101110 = 174U,
    b10101111 = 175U,
    b10110000 = 176U,
    b10110001 = 177U,
    b10110010 = 178U,
    b10110011 = 179U,
    b10110100 = 180U,
    b10110101 = 181U,
    b10110110 = 182U,
    b10110111 = 183U,
    b10111000 = 184U,
    b10111001 = 185U,
    b10111010 = 186U,
    b10111011 = 187U,
    b10111100 = 188U,
    b10111101 = 189U,
    b10111110 = 190U,
    b10111111 = 191U,
    b11000000 = 192U,
    b11000001 = 193U,
    b11000010 = 194U,
    b11000011 = 195U,
    b11000100 = 196U,
    b11000101 = 197U,
    b11000110 = 198U,
    b11000111 = 199U,
    b11001000 = 200U,
    b11001001 = 201U,
    b11001010 = 202U,
    b11001011 = 203U,
    b11001100 = 204U,
    b11001101 = 205U,
    b11001110 = 206U,
    b11001111 = 207U,
    b11010000 = 208U,
    b11010001 = 209U,
    b11010010 = 210U,
    b11010011 = 211U,
    b11010100 = 212U,
    b11010101 = 213U,
    b11010110 = 214U,
    b11010111 = 215U,
    b11011000 = 216U,
    b11011001 = 217U,
    b11011010 = 218U,
    b11011011 = 219U,
    b11011100 = 220U,
    b11011101 = 221U,
    b11011110 = 222U,
    b11011111 = 223U,
    b11100000 = 224U,
    b11100001 = 225U,
    b11100010 = 226U,
    b11100011 = 227U,
    b11100100 = 228U,
    b11100101 = 229U,
    b11100110 = 230U,
    b11100111 = 231U,
    b11101000 = 232U,
    b11101001 = 233U,
    b11101010 = 234U,
    b11101011 = 235U,
    b11101100 = 236U,
    b11101101 = 237U,
    b11101110 = 238U,
    b11101111 = 239U,
    b11110000 = 240U,
    b11110001 = 241U,
    b11110010 = 242U,
    b11110011 = 243U,
    b11110100 = 244U,
    b11110101 = 245U,
    b11110110 = 246U,
    b11110111 = 247U,
    b11111000 = 248U,
    b11111001 = 249U,
    b11111010 = 250U,
    b11111011 = 251U,
    b11111100 = 252U,
    b11111101 = 253U,
    b11111110 = 254U,
    b11111111 = 255U
  };
 
  //***************************************************************************
  //***************************************************************************
  enum bit_constant
  {
    b0  = 0x1UL,
    b1  = 0x2UL,
    b2  = 0x4UL,
    b3  = 0x8UL,
    b4  = 0x10UL,
    b5  = 0x20UL,
    b6  = 0x40UL,
    b7  = 0x80UL,
    b8  = 0x100UL,
    b9  = 0x200UL,
    b10 = 0x400UL,
    b11 = 0x800UL,
    b12 = 0x1000UL,
    b13 = 0x2000UL,
    b14 = 0x4000UL,
    b15 = 0x8000UL,
    b16 = 0x10000UL,
    b17 = 0x20000UL,
    b18 = 0x40000UL,
    b19 = 0x80000UL,
    b20 = 0x100000UL,
    b21 = 0x200000UL,
    b22 = 0x400000UL,
    b23 = 0x800000UL,
    b24 = 0x1000000UL,
    b25 = 0x2000000UL,
    b26 = 0x4000000UL,
    b27 = 0x8000000UL,
    b28 = 0x10000000UL,
    b29 = 0x20000000UL,
    b30 = 0x40000000UL,
    b31 = 0x80000000UL
  };
}
 
#endif