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[Music]

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okay welcome back after the break

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our next presentation will be on kisket

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building a quantum community community

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uh the talk will be given by dr anna fan

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uh

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and she is a researcher with a passion

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for multidisciplinary science education

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and outreach

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at ibm quantum ana's mission is to drive

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quantum education and quantum machine

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learning for clients and grow the kisket

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community in australia

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there will be time for questions at the

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end so please enter any

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questions on the tab in venulis

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thank you and over to you anna

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hi everybody um good morning and i'm

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talking to you all from melbourne i'm

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really looking forward to giving you all

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an introduction to quantum computing and

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what we have ibm have been doing to

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build and open source quantum computing

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community based around our software that

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we call kiskit

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so ibm believes that quantum computing

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will be a part of the future of

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computing

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there exists crucial problems of

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business and societal interest which are

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impossible to solve on any super

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computer today or any one that we can

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imagine building in the future

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um

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so if we think about it um to make an

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analogy um think about driving a car

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which is basically driving on a surface

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that is two-dimensional

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you can only go so fast and you for

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example can't drive from new york to

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london unless you've got a super fancy

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you know

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thing that can go across water

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um but now consider air travel we've

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taken something that is two-dimensional

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to three dimensions with this extra

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dimension this sort of extra degree of

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freedom

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we can do things which are just

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impossible to do with land-based travel

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that's sort of the analogy that we make

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between

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classical current computing and and

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quantum

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computing for level setting the

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technology to make an analogy to

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classical computing quantum computing is

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sort of at the stage where classical

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computing was in the 1940s hence i get

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to show this this lovely image of the

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the colossus

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machine

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and just as the decades after the 1940s

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brought incredible

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increases to power capacity and ease of

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use to classical programmable computers

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we really believe the next few years

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will bring the similar advances to the

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power and capacity of quantum computers

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and hopefully much much faster as we can

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really build up and use all of the

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knowledge that we've learned in the past

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decades in classical computing

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so quantum computers promises solve a

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variety of hard problems that classic

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computers can't

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it's it's not

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often discussed but there are many

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problems that classical computers simply

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cannot solve because they are just too

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complicated uh computationally difficult

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these problems often have a compute

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exponential character such that the time

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or size of classical computer required

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to solve the problem increases

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exponentially with the size of the

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problem

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meaning that for any practical size

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problem it is

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impossible for classical computers to

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solve it

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universal

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future quantum computers promise to

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solve some of these problems

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and moreover since quantum computing is

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so nascent and newer technology we

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simply don't know the full range of

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possible problems a quantum computer can

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solve

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um as quantum computing advances we

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anticipate discovering many new

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applications so to make an analogy

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against the sort of the history of

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current computers we think about the

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advent of of

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gpus so graphical computational units

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you know um a few years ago a couple of

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decades ago they were purely used um

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for what their name is you know

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graphically

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creating videos um and and games and

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making that user experience

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uh much more seamless to to churn

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through those floating point

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calculations

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but over the past

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decade we've really realized that gpus

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can

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those calculations can also be used in

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in machine learning and artificial

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intelligence

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and that really wasn't a use for for

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these

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for this hardware when they it first

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came out and we're

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anticipating the same thing will happen

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with with quantum computers

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and i may end up dropping the term um

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qpu every so often during the

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presentation and that um

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stands for a quantum

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processing unit

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so quantum computing is all about

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learning how to use

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quantum mechanical principles in a

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completely new model of computation

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um so i'm just going to go through a

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little bit of this just to give you a

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idea about how

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computing using quantum mechanics is

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feels different um to computing uh using

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uh classical computers so

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the first principle to get used to is

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superposition so this is where a quantum

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bit

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or qubit in a perfectly deterministic

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state um can still behave randomly so

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what does this mean so if we look at

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this these little diagrams um this top

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one on the left with the the q0 and the

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zero in those weird red brackets um if

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we think about that as sort of a qubit

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line

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with time going from left to right

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um

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you start at the state zero that's what

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sort of the zero in the in the little

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brackets means and then we put on this

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special gate

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called a hadamard gate

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and this gate puts this qubit into a 50

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50 50 superposition between the states 0

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and 1.

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so if we continue to measure this qubit

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over and over again uh 50 of the time

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we'll get zero and fifty percent of time

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will get one so an analogy to this is

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like flipping a coin um you know fifty

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percent of time you'll get heads fifty

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percent of time you get tails but the

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difference between a flipping the coin

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exercise and this qubit is that if we

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then take this qubit which is in the

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superposition and put on another

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hadamard gate afterwards

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um because it's a deterministic state

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um we actually end up putting that qubit

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back into a zero state even if it was in

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a one or a zero in that 50 50 50

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beforehand

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so this is sort of where it's different

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from like classical probability where

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you kind of can't undo that that coin

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flip

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so the other principle um

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which is quite different from classical

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computing is quantum entanglement so

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qubits can be manipulated such that

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their state cannot be described

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independently of others

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so an example here is where you've got

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two qubits so you've got q0 and q1

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you can put them in this this state

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whereby

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if you look at the results if you

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measure qubit 0 you know that qubit 1 is

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also going to be in the same state so

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like if qubit 0 is in a zero state qubit

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one is also going to be in zero state

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while if it's in a one state um qubit

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one is also going to be in a one state

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and then on the um

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bottom line i've just shown a different

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example of another entanglement state

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where if you know that one qubit is in

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zero you know that the other qubit is in

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one

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and entanglement is a really interesting

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principle because to mimic quantum

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entanglement on a classical computer

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requires exponential classical resources

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and and quantum computation is really

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the only way to access this unique

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resource and this is important because

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as we are trying to come up with

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algorithms

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to run on these quantum computers we

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really want to take advantage of their

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quantum mechanical properties so we

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don't want to for example create an

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algorithm which doesn't take advantage

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of of entanglement at all

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because then we could just

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rewrite that algorithm to run on a

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classical computer

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so if we look at this table this sort of

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demonstrates the potential

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of quantum computing compared to

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classical computing so

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if we want to represent

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a set of qubits in a fully entangled

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state depending on the number of qubits

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we're trying to represent here's a sort

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of the the sort of canonical example of

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how many bits it would take to represent

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a fully entangled state so if we're

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looking at two qubits um this will take

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uh 512 bits assuming you know 50 64 bit

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precision um

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and then if we want to just add one more

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qubit you need to double that number of

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bits so three qubits will take um

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[Music]

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two to the uh ten so you know um

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1024 bits if we're just looking at if we

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keep doubling that for every bit that we

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need to add um you quickly see that as

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we're going to let's say 30 um qubits we

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then end up needing you 17 gigabytes um

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to represent a fully entangled state

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across all of those

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qubits and then even we go to sort of

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numbers of just in the hundreds we end

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up with more atoms on the planet um that

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we would need to represent

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that set of qubits

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so what does this mean in terms of sort

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of practical algorithms and practical

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uses of these qubits

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well one of the really interesting

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applications and use cases for for

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quantum computing is around trying to

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understand the natural world better

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trying to simulate um the interactions

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of atoms and molecules with other other

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molecules at a at a at a

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more

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granular scale to be able to understand

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that interaction better and to to

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be able to cr hope in the future create

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more efficient materials

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for things like solar power generation

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or for catalyzing

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um

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fertilizers or for creating better

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enzymes for you know carbon

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sequestration new materials for you know

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lighter more efficient batteries all

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that all this sort of thing where

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you really want to understand what is

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going on at a very low chemical

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reaction to sort of really improve the

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efficiency of of those types of new

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materials or those types of processes so

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for example here we've got like a

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different set of interesting molecules

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and really comparing the number of

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classical bits needed to fully simulate

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00:11:49,839 --> 00:11:56,079
what is going on in that molecule with

290
00:11:52,399 --> 00:11:58,240
both the atoms and all of the electrons

291
00:11:56,079 --> 00:12:00,639
in that molecule so if we look at water

292
00:11:58,240 --> 00:12:02,639
right h2o um

293
00:12:00,639 --> 00:12:04,720
that already would take about a you know

294
00:12:02,639 --> 00:12:07,040
on the order of a thousand classical

295
00:12:04,720 --> 00:12:11,040
bits and you can actually simulate that

296
00:12:07,040 --> 00:12:12,720
using only 14 qubits so then if we jump

297
00:12:11,040 --> 00:12:13,839
to something that i'm sure we all know a

298
00:12:12,720 --> 00:12:15,120
lot about

299
00:12:13,839 --> 00:12:18,639
caffeine

300
00:12:15,120 --> 00:12:20,560
just just there that already is actually

301
00:12:18,639 --> 00:12:24,639
um

302
00:12:20,560 --> 00:12:26,399
really hard to stimulate perfectly

303
00:12:24,639 --> 00:12:29,680
using classical computers so we would

304
00:12:26,399 --> 00:12:32,320
need you know 10 to the 48 ish

305
00:12:29,680 --> 00:12:35,440
um classical bits while people believe

306
00:12:32,320 --> 00:12:37,440
would only need around 160 quantum bits

307
00:12:35,440 --> 00:12:39,600
to to understand

308
00:12:37,440 --> 00:12:41,360
that molecule so then we go on to

309
00:12:39,600 --> 00:12:44,079
looking at you know the these sort of

310
00:12:41,360 --> 00:12:47,440
biological molecules and and drugs you

311
00:12:44,079 --> 00:12:49,920
can really see that scaling um

312
00:12:47,440 --> 00:12:52,320
go exponential in the number of

313
00:12:49,920 --> 00:12:54,639
classical bits that we would need while

314
00:12:52,320 --> 00:12:59,600
we're still looking at qubits that may

315
00:12:54,639 --> 00:12:59,600
be reasonable in in upcoming hardware

316
00:13:00,880 --> 00:13:06,720
so a another example of a area of

317
00:13:04,160 --> 00:13:08,560
interest for quantum computing is

318
00:13:06,720 --> 00:13:11,040
quantum machine learning

319
00:13:08,560 --> 00:13:13,839
um so one of the applications of machine

320
00:13:11,040 --> 00:13:15,519
learning these days uh or in general is

321
00:13:13,839 --> 00:13:19,360
actually like classification you know

322
00:13:15,519 --> 00:13:21,360
given a set of data um you know

323
00:13:19,360 --> 00:13:22,800
if we look at this set of dots you know

324
00:13:21,360 --> 00:13:25,120
which ones are dark blue which ones are

325
00:13:22,800 --> 00:13:27,920
light blue um you know which ones are

326
00:13:25,120 --> 00:13:30,079
dogs which ones are cats um

327
00:13:27,920 --> 00:13:32,320
whatever we want to the data could

328
00:13:30,079 --> 00:13:35,040
represent uh people who usually want to

329
00:13:32,320 --> 00:13:35,839
classify them into separate classes

330
00:13:35,040 --> 00:13:39,040
so

331
00:13:35,839 --> 00:13:42,320
for ease most classification algorithms

332
00:13:39,040 --> 00:13:44,720
work linearly so you we want to find

333
00:13:42,320 --> 00:13:45,519
some way to find

334
00:13:44,720 --> 00:13:47,440
some

335
00:13:45,519 --> 00:13:49,680
way of

336
00:13:47,440 --> 00:13:50,480
visualizing that data

337
00:13:49,680 --> 00:13:52,560
or

338
00:13:50,480 --> 00:13:54,959
representing that data such that we can

339
00:13:52,560 --> 00:13:56,639
find a straight line or a straight

340
00:13:54,959 --> 00:13:58,480
hyperplane

341
00:13:56,639 --> 00:14:00,800
if we're looking at multiple dimensions

342
00:13:58,480 --> 00:14:03,600
to separate that data into the different

343
00:14:00,800 --> 00:14:05,199
classes so if we look um just at these

344
00:14:03,600 --> 00:14:06,480
light and blue dots

345
00:14:05,199 --> 00:14:08,160
if we look at them in one dimension

346
00:14:06,480 --> 00:14:10,160
there you can see there's no single

347
00:14:08,160 --> 00:14:12,639
straight line that could separate them

348
00:14:10,160 --> 00:14:15,519
but then if we sort of lift those that

349
00:14:12,639 --> 00:14:17,760
data into two dimensions here a parabola

350
00:14:15,519 --> 00:14:19,199
you can see that there is a nice sort of

351
00:14:17,760 --> 00:14:20,560
straight line that could separate those

352
00:14:19,199 --> 00:14:23,920
two classes

353
00:14:20,560 --> 00:14:26,800
so the idea um in quantum machine

354
00:14:23,920 --> 00:14:28,800
learning is to use that extra sort of

355
00:14:26,800 --> 00:14:32,079
dimensionality

356
00:14:28,800 --> 00:14:33,920
of the space that the qubits give you um

357
00:14:32,079 --> 00:14:37,120
via entanglement

358
00:14:33,920 --> 00:14:38,880
um to increase the dimensionality of the

359
00:14:37,120 --> 00:14:41,600
dataset you're looking at

360
00:14:38,880 --> 00:14:42,839
and i ideally identify that that

361
00:14:41,600 --> 00:14:44,560
separating

362
00:14:42,839 --> 00:14:46,320
hyperplane um

363
00:14:44,560 --> 00:14:47,839
and this could possibly give you an

364
00:14:46,320 --> 00:14:51,600
advantage compared to classical

365
00:14:47,839 --> 00:14:53,760
computing if that um that dimensionality

366
00:14:51,600 --> 00:14:55,360
calculation uh involves a lot of

367
00:14:53,760 --> 00:14:58,399
entanglement

368
00:14:55,360 --> 00:15:00,160
um so here's like a

369
00:14:58,399 --> 00:15:02,000
interesting sort of example like

370
00:15:00,160 --> 00:15:03,279
artificial data where we're looking at

371
00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:06,720
these sort of

372
00:15:03,279 --> 00:15:08,880
scattering of blue and red dots um if

373
00:15:06,720 --> 00:15:10,160
you just look at them by eye in the the

374
00:15:08,880 --> 00:15:12,880
left-hand side of that plot there's

375
00:15:10,160 --> 00:15:15,920
really no obvious

376
00:15:12,880 --> 00:15:18,800
classes or separating um

377
00:15:15,920 --> 00:15:21,519
between the the red and the blue dots

378
00:15:18,800 --> 00:15:25,120
but then on the other side is sort of

379
00:15:21,519 --> 00:15:27,199
the the classes represented in a quantum

380
00:15:25,120 --> 00:15:29,279
space um

381
00:15:27,199 --> 00:15:31,839
so you can see how complicated that

382
00:15:29,279 --> 00:15:32,720
quantum space could look like uh when

383
00:15:31,839 --> 00:15:37,279
you sort of

384
00:15:32,720 --> 00:15:39,519
merge it back to a two-dimensional space

385
00:15:37,279 --> 00:15:42,000
that's sort of yeah the all i had on the

386
00:15:39,519 --> 00:15:44,240
sort of motivation and use cases and

387
00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:46,160
applications of quantum computing i'm

388
00:15:44,240 --> 00:15:49,759
happy to take questions on that at the

389
00:15:46,160 --> 00:15:50,720
end um but really to get to this space

390
00:15:49,759 --> 00:15:54,560
um

391
00:15:50,720 --> 00:15:57,279
what do we actually need to to sort of

392
00:15:54,560 --> 00:15:58,560
build a quantum community and a kind of

393
00:15:57,279 --> 00:16:01,120
workforce

394
00:15:58,560 --> 00:16:02,720
um and sort of make it reality quantum

395
00:16:01,120 --> 00:16:05,920
computing these use cases and

396
00:16:02,720 --> 00:16:07,440
applications in the future so the we

397
00:16:05,920 --> 00:16:09,199
like i really see the three pillars of

398
00:16:07,440 --> 00:16:11,680
this is you know we need the hardware

399
00:16:09,199 --> 00:16:13,199
you need you need um the

400
00:16:11,680 --> 00:16:16,240
compute the quantum computers to

401
00:16:13,199 --> 00:16:18,800
actually run these algorithms on um you

402
00:16:16,240 --> 00:16:22,240
need the uh software and ideally that

403
00:16:18,800 --> 00:16:24,240
software being open source so that um it

404
00:16:22,240 --> 00:16:26,720
is they are available to everybody and

405
00:16:24,240 --> 00:16:29,519
everybody can contribute to

406
00:16:26,720 --> 00:16:33,759
the the base and then because it is such

407
00:16:29,519 --> 00:16:36,560
a new technology um we really need a

408
00:16:33,759 --> 00:16:38,880
education that is freely available and

409
00:16:36,560 --> 00:16:41,680
um not just the

410
00:16:38,880 --> 00:16:43,040
the uh cohort of people who

411
00:16:41,680 --> 00:16:45,199
traditionally have learned about quantum

412
00:16:43,040 --> 00:16:48,240
computing being sort of the the people

413
00:16:45,199 --> 00:16:49,839
with physics backgrounds um

414
00:16:48,240 --> 00:16:53,519
so yeah i'm going to go through sort of

415
00:16:49,839 --> 00:16:56,000
each of these in in sequence um

416
00:16:53,519 --> 00:16:58,240
starting with the hardware and i just i

417
00:16:56,000 --> 00:17:00,720
just wanted to sort of put a little pin

418
00:16:58,240 --> 00:17:02,320
in the sand that ibm has

419
00:17:00,720 --> 00:17:05,039
um quantum computing devices which are

420
00:17:02,320 --> 00:17:07,199
available on the cloud for anybody to

421
00:17:05,039 --> 00:17:09,039
use you just need to log on and create

422
00:17:07,199 --> 00:17:10,400
an account and you can you can play with

423
00:17:09,039 --> 00:17:12,640
the five qubit

424
00:17:10,400 --> 00:17:15,679
computer straight away

425
00:17:12,640 --> 00:17:17,760
um so what does quantum computing

426
00:17:15,679 --> 00:17:20,160
technology or hardware actually look

427
00:17:17,760 --> 00:17:20,880
like or how does it actually work um if

428
00:17:20,160 --> 00:17:23,360
we

429
00:17:20,880 --> 00:17:26,400
think back historically about classical

430
00:17:23,360 --> 00:17:27,280
bits um they came in in multiple

431
00:17:26,400 --> 00:17:29,520
different

432
00:17:27,280 --> 00:17:31,280
formats before getting to the the

433
00:17:29,520 --> 00:17:32,799
silicon transistors of today you know

434
00:17:31,280 --> 00:17:35,520
starting with electrical rear or

435
00:17:32,799 --> 00:17:38,640
starting mechanically to be honest with

436
00:17:35,520 --> 00:17:40,640
electrical relays and and vacuum cubes

437
00:17:38,640 --> 00:17:42,080
to to now transistors

438
00:17:40,640 --> 00:17:45,039
um

439
00:17:42,080 --> 00:17:47,120
for a cubit we need some sort of a

440
00:17:45,039 --> 00:17:51,120
quantum mechanical two-level system that

441
00:17:47,120 --> 00:17:52,640
we can like manipulate to act as qubits

442
00:17:51,120 --> 00:17:54,880
and then we need these qubits to be able

443
00:17:52,640 --> 00:17:56,880
to talk to each other

444
00:17:54,880 --> 00:17:59,039
um

445
00:17:56,880 --> 00:18:01,600
so there are

446
00:17:59,039 --> 00:18:03,919
several different um current like when

447
00:18:01,600 --> 00:18:08,080
we're trying to think of

448
00:18:03,919 --> 00:18:09,520
physical ways of realizing a qubit um we

449
00:18:08,080 --> 00:18:11,360
see that there's sort of a three-way

450
00:18:09,520 --> 00:18:14,000
trade-off between

451
00:18:11,360 --> 00:18:16,720
how well we can control the qubits

452
00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:18,160
versus how connected the qubits can be

453
00:18:16,720 --> 00:18:21,360
to each other

454
00:18:18,160 --> 00:18:23,760
and then how long the qubits can stay

455
00:18:21,360 --> 00:18:27,440
in the states that we want them to stay

456
00:18:23,760 --> 00:18:27,440
in so that we call that coherence

457
00:18:27,520 --> 00:18:31,440
and so here's some just examples of

458
00:18:30,240 --> 00:18:34,320
different

459
00:18:31,440 --> 00:18:37,200
uh hardware uh technologies that people

460
00:18:34,320 --> 00:18:39,200
have come up with to to

461
00:18:37,200 --> 00:18:44,960
realize what a cubit could be

462
00:18:39,200 --> 00:18:47,200
um from using photons to trapped ions

463
00:18:44,960 --> 00:18:48,799
or sort of really interesting solid

464
00:18:47,200 --> 00:18:52,080
state defects

465
00:18:48,799 --> 00:18:53,760
at ibm and other companies

466
00:18:52,080 --> 00:18:55,280
people are working on the

467
00:18:53,760 --> 00:18:57,840
superconducting

468
00:18:55,280 --> 00:19:00,480
uh circuits which i will go through in a

469
00:18:57,840 --> 00:19:03,280
little bit more detail so

470
00:19:00,480 --> 00:19:05,520
these superconducting circuits

471
00:19:03,280 --> 00:19:08,480
are sort of printed on silicon wafers so

472
00:19:05,520 --> 00:19:11,679
we can continue to use the fabrication

473
00:19:08,480 --> 00:19:13,039
facilities and methods built up over

474
00:19:11,679 --> 00:19:14,240
the decades

475
00:19:13,039 --> 00:19:16,160
we're

476
00:19:14,240 --> 00:19:19,520
creating the current

477
00:19:16,160 --> 00:19:22,480
silicon hardware for classical computing

478
00:19:19,520 --> 00:19:24,799
with some obvious differences

479
00:19:22,480 --> 00:19:27,600
so first um to

480
00:19:24,799 --> 00:19:30,240
make the qubits themselves um

481
00:19:27,600 --> 00:19:31,760
we're looking at creating what is

482
00:19:30,240 --> 00:19:33,440
essentially

483
00:19:31,760 --> 00:19:37,120
a

484
00:19:33,440 --> 00:19:39,039
lc circuit but it's a damped lc circuit

485
00:19:37,120 --> 00:19:41,760
for those of you who know any sort of

486
00:19:39,039 --> 00:19:44,080
classic i mean so electrical engineering

487
00:19:41,760 --> 00:19:46,080
so if you if you're looking at a normal

488
00:19:44,080 --> 00:19:49,039
inductor capacitor circuit like in the

489
00:19:46,080 --> 00:19:50,559
bottom of the slide um the energy levels

490
00:19:49,039 --> 00:19:53,440
of that

491
00:19:50,559 --> 00:19:56,160
circuit are all the same

492
00:19:53,440 --> 00:19:58,640
um so the difference between that and

493
00:19:56,160 --> 00:20:01,919
the superconducting qubit circuit is

494
00:19:58,640 --> 00:20:03,600
that um there is a non-linear

495
00:20:01,919 --> 00:20:04,880
um

496
00:20:03,600 --> 00:20:07,600
device in there

497
00:20:04,880 --> 00:20:09,360
called josephus injunction

498
00:20:07,600 --> 00:20:12,720
and that makes all the energy levels

499
00:20:09,360 --> 00:20:15,520
different from each other

500
00:20:12,720 --> 00:20:17,600
and that makes them addressable

501
00:20:15,520 --> 00:20:20,000
so that means we can use sort of the

502
00:20:17,600 --> 00:20:22,320
lowest energy state as our zero state

503
00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:26,159
for the qubit and then the first energy

504
00:20:22,320 --> 00:20:27,919
level as the um sort of the one state of

505
00:20:26,159 --> 00:20:29,600
the qubit

506
00:20:27,919 --> 00:20:31,840
and then you know we're looking at

507
00:20:29,600 --> 00:20:33,760
approximately five gigahertz

508
00:20:31,840 --> 00:20:36,039
energy difference between them meaning

509
00:20:33,760 --> 00:20:38,720
they're around

510
00:20:36,039 --> 00:20:40,960
240 ish milli kelvin so each of the

511
00:20:38,720 --> 00:20:43,440
qubits will have a slightly different

512
00:20:40,960 --> 00:20:45,440
energy level um between that that zero

513
00:20:43,440 --> 00:20:46,480
state and the first state and that makes

514
00:20:45,440 --> 00:20:48,159
makes them so that they can be

515
00:20:46,480 --> 00:20:51,280
individual qubits and then we can

516
00:20:48,159 --> 00:20:53,840
address them um using sort of microwave

517
00:20:51,280 --> 00:20:55,919
uh input and output and readout so that

518
00:20:53,840 --> 00:20:58,960
you know when we throw in a microwave

519
00:20:55,919 --> 00:21:00,559
line of you know let's say 240 um

520
00:20:58,960 --> 00:21:03,200
at that five gigahertz it knows exactly

521
00:21:00,559 --> 00:21:04,159
which qubit we need to talk to

522
00:21:03,200 --> 00:21:06,640
um

523
00:21:04,159 --> 00:21:09,200
so um

524
00:21:06,640 --> 00:21:12,400
i mentioned a very low temperature just

525
00:21:09,200 --> 00:21:14,559
then 240 millikelvin and i've also

526
00:21:12,400 --> 00:21:16,799
mentioned the word superconducting

527
00:21:14,559 --> 00:21:18,640
which means that these things are quite

528
00:21:16,799 --> 00:21:21,520
complicated in terms of the engineering

529
00:21:18,640 --> 00:21:23,360
environment they sit in um there's these

530
00:21:21,520 --> 00:21:26,720
chips with the superconducting qubits

531
00:21:23,360 --> 00:21:28,799
and the microwave resonators used for um

532
00:21:26,720 --> 00:21:31,440
talking the qubits to each other as well

533
00:21:28,799 --> 00:21:33,760
as the microwave resonators used to talk

534
00:21:31,440 --> 00:21:35,360
the input and output

535
00:21:33,760 --> 00:21:36,559
um so these are

536
00:21:35,360 --> 00:21:38,960
uh

537
00:21:36,559 --> 00:21:41,280
put in the middle of a printed circuit

538
00:21:38,960 --> 00:21:44,240
board and they need to run at

539
00:21:41,280 --> 00:21:46,320
approximately 15 millikelvin um to get

540
00:21:44,240 --> 00:21:49,440
that super conducting circuit to to

541
00:21:46,320 --> 00:21:52,320
exhibit that um that energy differential

542
00:21:49,440 --> 00:21:53,520
that we need um to you to use them as

543
00:21:52,320 --> 00:21:55,760
qubits

544
00:21:53,520 --> 00:21:58,080
um so these little chips sit at the

545
00:21:55,760 --> 00:22:01,600
bottom of this super fancy fridge which

546
00:21:58,080 --> 00:22:04,960
is called a dilution refrigerator um

547
00:22:01,600 --> 00:22:07,440
uh where the top is sort of 40 40 kelvin

548
00:22:04,960 --> 00:22:09,360
and then the bottom is at this um 15

549
00:22:07,440 --> 00:22:13,120
millikelvin and then you can see all the

550
00:22:09,360 --> 00:22:14,720
the super fancy sort of lie um

551
00:22:13,120 --> 00:22:16,559
infrastructure there for readout

552
00:22:14,720 --> 00:22:18,880
amplification

553
00:22:16,559 --> 00:22:21,520
input and all that sort of thing and

554
00:22:18,880 --> 00:22:22,880
then connected to that is a whole set of

555
00:22:21,520 --> 00:22:26,880
outside the fridge

556
00:22:22,880 --> 00:22:28,000
room temperature microwave electronics

557
00:22:26,880 --> 00:22:29,600
and then of course

558
00:22:28,000 --> 00:22:32,159
depending on the experimental setup you

559
00:22:29,600 --> 00:22:34,000
know that can be connected to a internet

560
00:22:32,159 --> 00:22:36,799
machine so then then

561
00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:40,039
all of us outside that lab can then use

562
00:22:36,799 --> 00:22:40,039
these devices

563
00:22:40,559 --> 00:22:44,159
um

564
00:22:41,840 --> 00:22:45,760
so then um just in in terms of evolution

565
00:22:44,159 --> 00:22:48,240
the first qubit device that we put on

566
00:22:45,760 --> 00:22:51,120
the cloud had five qubits um and you can

567
00:22:48,240 --> 00:22:52,559
see sort of the the gradual increase of

568
00:22:51,120 --> 00:22:55,840
this over time

569
00:22:52,559 --> 00:22:58,960
um until sort of uh last year we

570
00:22:55,840 --> 00:23:00,240
released a 127 qubit device which our

571
00:22:58,960 --> 00:23:02,400
partners

572
00:23:00,240 --> 00:23:05,840
and clients can use and we have a

573
00:23:02,400 --> 00:23:07,520
roadmap sort of moving up from there to

574
00:23:05,840 --> 00:23:10,799
a thousand qubits

575
00:23:07,520 --> 00:23:12,720
by the end of of 2023 with the goal to

576
00:23:10,799 --> 00:23:14,400
you know trying to get to some sort of

577
00:23:12,720 --> 00:23:16,960
device that looks like it has more than

578
00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:19,360
a million qubits also

579
00:23:16,960 --> 00:23:21,120
in terms of space right um so this is

580
00:23:19,360 --> 00:23:22,720
sort of the inside of one of those um

581
00:23:21,120 --> 00:23:24,000
current dilution refrigerators you can

582
00:23:22,720 --> 00:23:26,480
sort of hug it

583
00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:28,320
but we're envisioning these like million

584
00:23:26,480 --> 00:23:30,240
cubic devices to be in sort of this what

585
00:23:28,320 --> 00:23:32,799
looks like a teleportation device that

586
00:23:30,240 --> 00:23:35,440
someone can actually stand in sort of

587
00:23:32,799 --> 00:23:38,240
two meters wide three meters tall

588
00:23:35,440 --> 00:23:40,960
so it's it's very cool

589
00:23:38,240 --> 00:23:43,120
um literally as well

590
00:23:40,960 --> 00:23:45,760
uh so if we look at these devices

591
00:23:43,120 --> 00:23:48,880
we're really thinking about um how many

592
00:23:45,760 --> 00:23:51,200
qubits they have the quality of the

593
00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:53,120
qubits in terms of the errors that they

594
00:23:51,200 --> 00:23:55,200
have on them and it's important to also

595
00:23:53,120 --> 00:23:57,679
think about the circuits that can run

596
00:23:55,200 --> 00:24:00,400
per unit time on them um

597
00:23:57,679 --> 00:24:02,320
in terms of sort of performance metrics

598
00:24:00,400 --> 00:24:03,760
if we're you know wanting to compare the

599
00:24:02,320 --> 00:24:07,279
different types of technologies that i

600
00:24:03,760 --> 00:24:07,279
showed a little bit earlier

601
00:24:07,520 --> 00:24:12,320
so that's all i had on the hardware

602
00:24:10,960 --> 00:24:15,200
but now

603
00:24:12,320 --> 00:24:17,600
moving on to the software so as well as

604
00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:20,080
open access to

605
00:24:17,600 --> 00:24:22,240
some of our devices online

606
00:24:20,080 --> 00:24:24,559
we also have provided open source

607
00:24:22,240 --> 00:24:27,039
software via our kisket framework this

608
00:24:24,559 --> 00:24:29,679
is written in python which

609
00:24:27,039 --> 00:24:32,720
not only allows developers access to

610
00:24:29,679 --> 00:24:34,640
systems but provides the source code um

611
00:24:32,720 --> 00:24:37,760
so that people don't have to learn like

612
00:24:34,640 --> 00:24:39,360
a totally new different language um

613
00:24:37,760 --> 00:24:40,880
and it also really helps sort of

614
00:24:39,360 --> 00:24:44,080
integrate

615
00:24:40,880 --> 00:24:46,960
current sort of workflows with possible

616
00:24:44,080 --> 00:24:49,440
future quantum computing workflows

617
00:24:46,960 --> 00:24:51,440
so what does programming a quantum

618
00:24:49,440 --> 00:24:53,440
computer actually look like so classical

619
00:24:51,440 --> 00:24:55,600
bits they're you know one

620
00:24:53,440 --> 00:24:59,120
or zero or if i'd like to make an

621
00:24:55,600 --> 00:25:01,679
analogy they can be like north or south

622
00:24:59,120 --> 00:25:04,559
so if we look think about the state of a

623
00:25:01,679 --> 00:25:07,200
qubit it can be an up it can be thought

624
00:25:04,559 --> 00:25:08,559
of as an arbitrary point on the surface

625
00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:10,960
of a sphere

626
00:25:08,559 --> 00:25:14,799
so if we map that back to a bit let's

627
00:25:10,960 --> 00:25:16,799
say zero is north and and say one is

628
00:25:14,799 --> 00:25:18,000
south and that's all you can get to in a

629
00:25:16,799 --> 00:25:19,679
classical bit

630
00:25:18,000 --> 00:25:22,720
but on a quantum bit you can sort of

631
00:25:19,679 --> 00:25:24,559
access all of the areas of that sphere

632
00:25:22,720 --> 00:25:26,720
so you can sort of you know twiddle the

633
00:25:24,559 --> 00:25:29,360
knobs to say that i want

634
00:25:26,720 --> 00:25:31,600
my qubit to be pointing at melbourne

635
00:25:29,360 --> 00:25:33,919
right rather than just zero north or

636
00:25:31,600 --> 00:25:36,400
south

637
00:25:33,919 --> 00:25:38,480
and so how do you get your qubit to do

638
00:25:36,400 --> 00:25:41,279
that well classically if you wanted

639
00:25:38,480 --> 00:25:43,520
something to be in zero or one you

640
00:25:41,279 --> 00:25:45,520
create you know a set of one bit gates

641
00:25:43,520 --> 00:25:47,919
um for that one bit or you know there's

642
00:25:45,520 --> 00:25:50,320
a set of two bit gates for you know two

643
00:25:47,919 --> 00:25:53,679
bits or multiple bits so that's the same

644
00:25:50,320 --> 00:25:55,600
thing for quantum computing so um

645
00:25:53,679 --> 00:25:57,600
obviously our one qubit gate's a little

646
00:25:55,600 --> 00:25:58,720
bit more complicated because the idea is

647
00:25:57,600 --> 00:26:00,799
to try to

648
00:25:58,720 --> 00:26:03,760
move that cubit state sort of around

649
00:26:00,799 --> 00:26:06,799
that surface of the sphere and similarly

650
00:26:03,760 --> 00:26:10,480
we have two cubic gates which um where

651
00:26:06,799 --> 00:26:12,640
the state of the qubit depends on this

652
00:26:10,480 --> 00:26:14,799
um first qubit

653
00:26:12,640 --> 00:26:16,159
um the biggest difference uh when we're

654
00:26:14,799 --> 00:26:19,440
thinking about

655
00:26:16,159 --> 00:26:20,960
uh these gates in quantum computing is

656
00:26:19,440 --> 00:26:22,960
that because of quantum mechanics they

657
00:26:20,960 --> 00:26:26,559
have to be reversible

658
00:26:22,960 --> 00:26:28,080
um so this is quite a different way of

659
00:26:26,559 --> 00:26:29,520
thinking about how to create these

660
00:26:28,080 --> 00:26:31,760
circuits so they they're just being a

661
00:26:29,520 --> 00:26:33,679
lot longer right so if you think about

662
00:26:31,760 --> 00:26:35,440
and um

663
00:26:33,679 --> 00:26:38,240
a sort of an or

664
00:26:35,440 --> 00:26:39,760
circuit um you don't know like you know

665
00:26:38,240 --> 00:26:42,240
if you have a one at the end of that or

666
00:26:39,760 --> 00:26:43,919
circuit you don't know which bit was in

667
00:26:42,240 --> 00:26:45,039
zero or which bit was in one you've

668
00:26:43,919 --> 00:26:45,840
actually lost

669
00:26:45,039 --> 00:26:47,760
um

670
00:26:45,840 --> 00:26:50,880
that piece of information and it's not

671
00:26:47,760 --> 00:26:53,840
reversible whereas all of the q

672
00:26:50,880 --> 00:26:55,200
two qubit gates are actually reversible

673
00:26:53,840 --> 00:26:56,240
just as a

674
00:26:55,200 --> 00:26:58,559
side

675
00:26:56,240 --> 00:27:00,320
so if you think about um

676
00:26:58,559 --> 00:27:03,440
programming a quantum computer clearly

677
00:27:00,320 --> 00:27:06,400
we don't program um computers these days

678
00:27:03,440 --> 00:27:08,799
at the level of of of those electronic

679
00:27:06,400 --> 00:27:10,480
gates um we've got low language

680
00:27:08,799 --> 00:27:12,320
low-level programming languages as well

681
00:27:10,480 --> 00:27:14,799
as high-level programming languages and

682
00:27:12,320 --> 00:27:16,240
that's sort of where we want to get to

683
00:27:14,799 --> 00:27:18,480
in in

684
00:27:16,240 --> 00:27:20,880
quantum computing as well people have

685
00:27:18,480 --> 00:27:23,279
been really thinking about what does a

686
00:27:20,880 --> 00:27:25,760
quantum circuit look like uh what is the

687
00:27:23,279 --> 00:27:28,559
intermediate representation between sort

688
00:27:25,760 --> 00:27:30,799
of a high level language like python and

689
00:27:28,559 --> 00:27:32,840
the low layer level

690
00:27:30,799 --> 00:27:35,360
circuit language so there's multiple

691
00:27:32,840 --> 00:27:37,760
different groups out there coming up

692
00:27:35,360 --> 00:27:40,000
with different representations

693
00:27:37,760 --> 00:27:42,000
um seeing if we can standardize them and

694
00:27:40,000 --> 00:27:43,120
also putting them in practice to see if

695
00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:45,520
they're actually

696
00:27:43,120 --> 00:27:47,039
fit for purpose

697
00:27:45,520 --> 00:27:50,960
as well

698
00:27:47,039 --> 00:27:53,120
and so um kiskit and openchasm um which

699
00:27:50,960 --> 00:27:55,200
is a intermediate representation is is

700
00:27:53,120 --> 00:27:56,960
part of that so kisket like i mentioned

701
00:27:55,200 --> 00:27:59,200
is an open source software development

702
00:27:56,960 --> 00:28:01,120
kit for working with quantum computers

703
00:27:59,200 --> 00:28:03,279
um at the level of sort of microwave

704
00:28:01,120 --> 00:28:05,520
pulses as well as circuits

705
00:28:03,279 --> 00:28:08,240
as well as high level

706
00:28:05,520 --> 00:28:10,640
application modules so you can use

707
00:28:08,240 --> 00:28:13,360
kisket to sort of run a quantum

708
00:28:10,640 --> 00:28:15,520
machine learning algorithm as well as

709
00:28:13,360 --> 00:28:16,559
create the microwave pulses you might

710
00:28:15,520 --> 00:28:18,159
want to

711
00:28:16,559 --> 00:28:21,039
you know if you want to play with what

712
00:28:18,159 --> 00:28:21,300
um the qubits at the gate level

713
00:28:21,039 --> 00:28:22,559
um

714
00:28:21,300 --> 00:28:24,559
[Music]

715
00:28:22,559 --> 00:28:27,840
and kisket is open source it has been

716
00:28:24,559 --> 00:28:29,840
adopted um not by other hardware

717
00:28:27,840 --> 00:28:31,600
platforms and companies

718
00:28:29,840 --> 00:28:35,120
such as honeywell

719
00:28:31,600 --> 00:28:37,279
aqt and inq to access their hardware as

720
00:28:35,120 --> 00:28:37,279
well

721
00:28:39,360 --> 00:28:45,039
so alongside the

722
00:28:42,880 --> 00:28:48,080
sort of hardware robot which i showed

723
00:28:45,039 --> 00:28:49,360
earlier in terms of trying to get to

724
00:28:48,080 --> 00:28:51,840
um

725
00:28:49,360 --> 00:28:54,159
this year releasing that 127 cubit

726
00:28:51,840 --> 00:28:56,080
device and trying to get to the thousand

727
00:28:54,159 --> 00:28:58,960
qubit devices in a couple years we also

728
00:28:56,080 --> 00:29:01,440
have a

729
00:28:58,960 --> 00:29:03,919
development roadmap whereby the idea is

730
00:29:01,440 --> 00:29:07,039
to move from

731
00:29:03,919 --> 00:29:10,559
users creating circuits to really think

732
00:29:07,039 --> 00:29:12,880
about pre-built circuit libraries on top

733
00:29:10,559 --> 00:29:15,279
of that with some pre-built quantum and

734
00:29:12,880 --> 00:29:16,080
classical integration and being able to

735
00:29:15,279 --> 00:29:18,480
run

736
00:29:16,080 --> 00:29:21,600
um programs on

737
00:29:18,480 --> 00:29:23,600
quantum computers in sort of dockerized

738
00:29:21,600 --> 00:29:25,279
um containers

739
00:29:23,600 --> 00:29:26,240
on virtual machines

740
00:29:25,279 --> 00:29:28,559
and

741
00:29:26,240 --> 00:29:31,200
really closely integrating the classical

742
00:29:28,559 --> 00:29:33,600
computers and the quantum computers in

743
00:29:31,200 --> 00:29:35,600
the future

744
00:29:33,600 --> 00:29:37,760
and really making that development

745
00:29:35,600 --> 00:29:39,440
frictionless

746
00:29:37,760 --> 00:29:41,200
so

747
00:29:39,440 --> 00:29:42,559
hopefully in the future when when people

748
00:29:41,200 --> 00:29:44,399
are learning about how to program a

749
00:29:42,559 --> 00:29:46,240
quantum computer we're not teaching

750
00:29:44,399 --> 00:29:48,320
people about superposition and

751
00:29:46,240 --> 00:29:49,760
entanglement and and circuits right from

752
00:29:48,320 --> 00:29:51,760
the get-go obviously people want to know

753
00:29:49,760 --> 00:29:52,720
because that's what's meant that what is

754
00:29:51,760 --> 00:29:53,840
makes

755
00:29:52,720 --> 00:29:55,919
classical computing and quantum

756
00:29:53,840 --> 00:29:57,120
computing different um but it's not what

757
00:29:55,919 --> 00:29:59,760
they need to

758
00:29:57,120 --> 00:30:01,679
fully and deeply understand the maths

759
00:29:59,760 --> 00:30:03,919
behind um

760
00:30:01,679 --> 00:30:05,039
how a cubit is represented to actually

761
00:30:03,919 --> 00:30:07,039
program it

762
00:30:05,039 --> 00:30:08,880
which is sort of a little bit where like

763
00:30:07,039 --> 00:30:10,880
we're really at their transition at the

764
00:30:08,880 --> 00:30:13,200
moment in in making

765
00:30:10,880 --> 00:30:16,240
um quantum computing really accessible

766
00:30:13,200 --> 00:30:19,200
for those without strong

767
00:30:16,240 --> 00:30:19,200
maths backgrounds

768
00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:23,840
and that's really sort of the third

769
00:30:21,919 --> 00:30:27,679
tranche of this this this this

770
00:30:23,840 --> 00:30:30,080
three-legged stool um really educating

771
00:30:27,679 --> 00:30:32,000
um and you know you can put hardware out

772
00:30:30,080 --> 00:30:34,159
there and you can put software out there

773
00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:36,080
but if nobody actually knows how to use

774
00:30:34,159 --> 00:30:38,799
it or write it

775
00:30:36,080 --> 00:30:41,360
that it's really kind of useless so

776
00:30:38,799 --> 00:30:44,480
that's sort of the reason why the

777
00:30:41,360 --> 00:30:47,360
education is so important to this um and

778
00:30:44,480 --> 00:30:49,679
having a really friendly community where

779
00:30:47,360 --> 00:30:52,559
people are willing to help others along

780
00:30:49,679 --> 00:30:55,279
their journeys to quantum computing as

781
00:30:52,559 --> 00:30:58,640
well so we've got a lot of a lot of

782
00:30:55,279 --> 00:30:59,919
educational content out there um

783
00:30:58,640 --> 00:31:00,960
from sort of

784
00:30:59,919 --> 00:31:04,320
the our

785
00:31:00,960 --> 00:31:05,519
online the our online composer and

786
00:31:04,320 --> 00:31:07,440
quantum lab where you don't have to

787
00:31:05,519 --> 00:31:10,640
install anything on your computer

788
00:31:07,440 --> 00:31:12,000
anymore to um run and create your own

789
00:31:10,640 --> 00:31:15,039
circuits and run them on a quantum

790
00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:17,840
computer or write kisket code in an

791
00:31:15,039 --> 00:31:21,679
online jupyter lab environment and and

792
00:31:17,840 --> 00:31:22,559
send that to our devices we also have

793
00:31:21,679 --> 00:31:25,200
um

794
00:31:22,559 --> 00:31:27,200
and i've actually contributed to uh some

795
00:31:25,200 --> 00:31:28,399
into our interactive

796
00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:31,840
textbook

797
00:31:28,399 --> 00:31:34,320
um which is we have one that is really

798
00:31:31,840 --> 00:31:36,240
supposed to be sort of a guide to an

799
00:31:34,320 --> 00:31:37,679
undergraduate or postgraduate

800
00:31:36,240 --> 00:31:39,120
corner computing course but we've also

801
00:31:37,679 --> 00:31:41,039
got

802
00:31:39,120 --> 00:31:42,320
and we've been creating introductory

803
00:31:41,039 --> 00:31:45,120
courses

804
00:31:42,320 --> 00:31:47,279
we have a youtube channel where we have

805
00:31:45,120 --> 00:31:48,720
series about you know um

806
00:31:47,279 --> 00:31:50,799
live streams of public lectures for

807
00:31:48,720 --> 00:31:53,360
people to keep up with the sort of

808
00:31:50,799 --> 00:31:56,240
research level of quantum computing but

809
00:31:53,360 --> 00:31:58,240
as well um as well a whole series uh

810
00:31:56,240 --> 00:31:59,919
based on just learning how to program a

811
00:31:58,240 --> 00:32:01,919
quantum computer you know booting up

812
00:31:59,919 --> 00:32:03,519
kisket installing it how to what what

813
00:32:01,919 --> 00:32:04,880
why do next

814
00:32:03,519 --> 00:32:07,200
um

815
00:32:04,880 --> 00:32:09,760
yeah and alongside that we also do

816
00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:11,600
events we have documentation

817
00:32:09,760 --> 00:32:15,760
um so i'm just going to flip through a

818
00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:17,840
few examples of of those now so here is

819
00:32:15,760 --> 00:32:19,279
sort of our introductory um online

820
00:32:17,840 --> 00:32:20,799
introductory course you know it's a

821
00:32:19,279 --> 00:32:22,480
three-level course

822
00:32:20,799 --> 00:32:23,840
aimed at people from like technical as

823
00:32:22,480 --> 00:32:25,279
well as non-technical backgrounds this

824
00:32:23,840 --> 00:32:27,120
is um

825
00:32:25,279 --> 00:32:31,360
something that we created after we

826
00:32:27,120 --> 00:32:33,600
realized the textbook was a little too

827
00:32:31,360 --> 00:32:33,600
um

828
00:32:33,679 --> 00:32:38,000
too high level um well to assume too

829
00:32:36,559 --> 00:32:40,000
much mass

830
00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:42,720
background because this yeah

831
00:32:40,000 --> 00:32:45,200
it's you know it's meant as

832
00:32:42,720 --> 00:32:47,600
a now like obvious it's it's meant as it

833
00:32:45,200 --> 00:32:49,760
says a universally quantum algorithms

834
00:32:47,600 --> 00:32:52,320
it's course complement so it does assume

835
00:32:49,760 --> 00:32:54,720
a lot of linear algebra um

836
00:32:52,320 --> 00:32:56,480
so yeah separating out sort of that that

837
00:32:54,720 --> 00:32:59,360
non-technical introductory course to

838
00:32:56,480 --> 00:33:01,519
sort of a textbook was what we realized

839
00:32:59,360 --> 00:33:04,960
was missing in in sort of our document

840
00:33:01,519 --> 00:33:06,320
our educational tool moving forward

841
00:33:04,960 --> 00:33:09,279
so the other things that we do is we run

842
00:33:06,320 --> 00:33:11,279
events where we try to educate people

843
00:33:09,279 --> 00:33:13,120
on how to use quantum computing so for

844
00:33:11,279 --> 00:33:15,679
the past couple of years because of the

845
00:33:13,120 --> 00:33:18,320
pandemic we've been running

846
00:33:15,679 --> 00:33:19,760
global summer schools completely online

847
00:33:18,320 --> 00:33:22,559
they're two weeks in the northern

848
00:33:19,760 --> 00:33:24,399
hemisphere summer

849
00:33:22,559 --> 00:33:26,320
in 2020 it was all about introduction to

850
00:33:24,399 --> 00:33:28,880
quantum computing and quantum hardware

851
00:33:26,320 --> 00:33:32,480
last year we ran a very very quick deep

852
00:33:28,880 --> 00:33:35,440
dive into um conor machine learning um

853
00:33:32,480 --> 00:33:37,039
this year um stay tuned um let's see

854
00:33:35,440 --> 00:33:40,080
registrations should be open sort of

855
00:33:37,039 --> 00:33:42,159
may-ish um and i can give you a little

856
00:33:40,080 --> 00:33:44,240
bit of a hint on it will be in a

857
00:33:42,159 --> 00:33:47,120
different topic from from the other two

858
00:33:44,240 --> 00:33:49,120
so you deep dive into a different topic

859
00:33:47,120 --> 00:33:50,960
then that was covered previously and all

860
00:33:49,120 --> 00:33:53,200
of the lectures and labs from the

861
00:33:50,960 --> 00:33:56,159
previous summer schools are available

862
00:33:53,200 --> 00:33:58,480
online from kiskit.org as well um so

863
00:33:56,159 --> 00:34:01,120
just some example some numbers from our

864
00:33:58,480 --> 00:34:03,760
last summer school so we had uh 20 live

865
00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:05,440
lectures and and five lab exercises that

866
00:34:03,760 --> 00:34:06,399
people needed to complete to get us the

867
00:34:05,440 --> 00:34:08,159
certificate

868
00:34:06,399 --> 00:34:10,480
at the end of the summer school

869
00:34:08,159 --> 00:34:13,359
um it was completely free and we had

870
00:34:10,480 --> 00:34:16,079
five thousand um people register from

871
00:34:13,359 --> 00:34:19,119
over a hundred countries um worldwide

872
00:34:16,079 --> 00:34:21,440
and on top of that we also um trained up

873
00:34:19,119 --> 00:34:23,040
about 100 mentors to help these

874
00:34:21,440 --> 00:34:25,119
thousands of students get through that

875
00:34:23,040 --> 00:34:26,480
course material it was really really

876
00:34:25,119 --> 00:34:28,560
great because i was like sitting on that

877
00:34:26,480 --> 00:34:30,320
discord um

878
00:34:28,560 --> 00:34:31,679
the we actually had

879
00:34:30,320 --> 00:34:33,520
people setting up

880
00:34:31,679 --> 00:34:34,720
discords across different languages so

881
00:34:33,520 --> 00:34:36,800
that people could talk to each other and

882
00:34:34,720 --> 00:34:38,079
ask questions in the language that was

883
00:34:36,800 --> 00:34:39,200
most comfortable for them to ask

884
00:34:38,079 --> 00:34:41,119
questions in

885
00:34:39,200 --> 00:34:43,040
so that was really nice to see that

886
00:34:41,119 --> 00:34:45,119
people were getting the support in the

887
00:34:43,040 --> 00:34:47,760
language that they were most

888
00:34:45,119 --> 00:34:50,079
comfortable asking for support in they

889
00:34:47,760 --> 00:34:51,679
always have to switch to

890
00:34:50,079 --> 00:34:54,480
english as well as trying to learn

891
00:34:51,679 --> 00:34:56,800
quantum computing at the same time

892
00:34:54,480 --> 00:34:59,280
so if people don't have two-week

893
00:34:56,800 --> 00:35:02,240
intensive set times to

894
00:34:59,280 --> 00:35:04,160
go through a summer school we also run

895
00:35:02,240 --> 00:35:05,599
multiple um

896
00:35:04,160 --> 00:35:07,599
challenges across the year so these are

897
00:35:05,599 --> 00:35:10,079
themed competitive programming

898
00:35:07,599 --> 00:35:12,640
challenges um held multiple times a year

899
00:35:10,079 --> 00:35:17,560
there's usually one in like may and one

900
00:35:12,640 --> 00:35:17,560
in october novemberish um

901
00:35:19,040 --> 00:35:22,000
sort of northern here northern

902
00:35:20,480 --> 00:35:23,040
hemisphere wise

903
00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:25,359
um

904
00:35:23,040 --> 00:35:28,720
so here's sort of an example of last

905
00:35:25,359 --> 00:35:30,800
year's one from the end of october um it

906
00:35:28,720 --> 00:35:33,920
was all themed around sort of

907
00:35:30,800 --> 00:35:37,119
applications of quantum computing um

908
00:35:33,920 --> 00:35:38,480
so there was a set of challenges around

909
00:35:37,119 --> 00:35:41,280
different applications of quantum

910
00:35:38,480 --> 00:35:44,320
creating from finance simulation

911
00:35:41,280 --> 00:35:46,640
machine learning and optimization and

912
00:35:44,320 --> 00:35:48,400
they in um got harder and harder and

913
00:35:46,640 --> 00:35:50,400
harder and so

914
00:35:48,400 --> 00:35:52,960
we see the people who have just stepped

915
00:35:50,400 --> 00:35:55,280
in um really being able to do that first

916
00:35:52,960 --> 00:35:57,599
challenge which is um really based at

917
00:35:55,280 --> 00:35:59,440
that beginner level um and then sort of

918
00:35:57,599 --> 00:36:01,040
as they get more difficult we can see

919
00:35:59,440 --> 00:36:03,520
people um

920
00:36:01,040 --> 00:36:05,680
trying to complete or

921
00:36:03,520 --> 00:36:06,960
um getting better at completing the

922
00:36:05,680 --> 00:36:08,960
harder challenges and it's really nice

923
00:36:06,960 --> 00:36:11,760
to see people coming back from previous

924
00:36:08,960 --> 00:36:13,280
challenges and then and and going to

925
00:36:11,760 --> 00:36:15,839
the next challenge and seeing that they

926
00:36:13,280 --> 00:36:18,240
can progress further as their knowledge

927
00:36:15,839 --> 00:36:19,119
of quantum computing um

928
00:36:18,240 --> 00:36:21,280
in

929
00:36:19,119 --> 00:36:23,200
evolves as well

930
00:36:21,280 --> 00:36:25,040
so for example um yeah for this

931
00:36:23,200 --> 00:36:27,839
particular challenge last october we had

932
00:36:25,040 --> 00:36:30,720
about 3 000 registered applicants

933
00:36:27,839 --> 00:36:32,960
um about 1 000 of which

934
00:36:30,720 --> 00:36:34,320
submitted at least one exercise from

935
00:36:32,960 --> 00:36:36,480
that first challenge

936
00:36:34,320 --> 00:36:38,400
um and then around

937
00:36:36,480 --> 00:36:41,520
600 or so

938
00:36:38,400 --> 00:36:44,320
completed that final um or completed all

939
00:36:41,520 --> 00:36:44,320
four challenges

940
00:36:45,119 --> 00:36:47,839
so different there are obviously

941
00:36:46,079 --> 00:36:50,480
different ways to contribute to the open

942
00:36:47,839 --> 00:36:52,079
source community um there's the

943
00:36:50,480 --> 00:36:54,079
obvious one of

944
00:36:52,079 --> 00:36:56,480
code we've got three different sort of

945
00:36:54,079 --> 00:36:58,000
github organizations kids get basic

946
00:36:56,480 --> 00:36:59,440
physical community and kids get partners

947
00:36:58,000 --> 00:37:00,960
where their partners are the ones that

948
00:36:59,440 --> 00:37:02,480
um can use kids get to access different

949
00:37:00,960 --> 00:37:03,440
types of hardware

950
00:37:02,480 --> 00:37:05,040
um

951
00:37:03,440 --> 00:37:08,320
and i really think a really nice one

952
00:37:05,040 --> 00:37:10,000
that we have is translations um so you

953
00:37:08,320 --> 00:37:11,599
can see that there are different

954
00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:13,760
translation

955
00:37:11,599 --> 00:37:16,079
group efforts going on to translate the

956
00:37:13,760 --> 00:37:18,160
documentation and textbook into various

957
00:37:16,079 --> 00:37:20,000
different languages some of these are

958
00:37:18,160 --> 00:37:21,599
sort of ibm

959
00:37:20,000 --> 00:37:23,520
they have ibm people sort of pushing

960
00:37:21,599 --> 00:37:25,200
them um

961
00:37:23,520 --> 00:37:27,520
so you have like a really great team in

962
00:37:25,200 --> 00:37:29,200
japan who have been really working on on

963
00:37:27,520 --> 00:37:31,920
translating that all but then some of

964
00:37:29,200 --> 00:37:33,440
these groups are purely community run um

965
00:37:31,920 --> 00:37:35,839
that thing like the indian languages

966
00:37:33,440 --> 00:37:37,599
ones the tamil and the the bengali you

967
00:37:35,839 --> 00:37:39,839
can see that they're almost 99 like

968
00:37:37,599 --> 00:37:41,280
almost 100 fully translated into these

969
00:37:39,839 --> 00:37:42,320
languages and that has been a pure

970
00:37:41,280 --> 00:37:44,640
community

971
00:37:42,320 --> 00:37:48,640
um effort and it's really great to see

972
00:37:44,640 --> 00:37:51,280
people people doing that work and and

973
00:37:48,640 --> 00:37:53,520
avoiding that access not just to the

974
00:37:51,280 --> 00:37:56,960
physical devices but learning about

975
00:37:53,520 --> 00:37:56,960
quantum computing as well

976
00:37:57,359 --> 00:38:00,320
um so we also have a

977
00:37:59,440 --> 00:38:02,079
slack

978
00:38:00,320 --> 00:38:04,800
workspace where people can talk to each

979
00:38:02,079 --> 00:38:06,640
other where people ask questions

980
00:38:04,800 --> 00:38:07,760
as well as stack exchange and stack

981
00:38:06,640 --> 00:38:10,240
overflow

982
00:38:07,760 --> 00:38:12,640
um and if people

983
00:38:10,240 --> 00:38:14,960
are really super interested in computing

984
00:38:12,640 --> 00:38:16,880
contributing to the community we have an

985
00:38:14,960 --> 00:38:19,440
advocate program which provides people

986
00:38:16,880 --> 00:38:22,320
with extra mentorship and projects and

987
00:38:19,440 --> 00:38:24,000
and networking and really being like

988
00:38:22,320 --> 00:38:26,720
sort of not core

989
00:38:24,000 --> 00:38:28,720
kids get developers um but really

990
00:38:26,720 --> 00:38:30,480
connected to that internal team within

991
00:38:28,720 --> 00:38:32,720
ibm um

992
00:38:30,480 --> 00:38:33,599
and being able to to grow

993
00:38:32,720 --> 00:38:36,960
that

994
00:38:33,599 --> 00:38:40,079
um community and and being part of that

995
00:38:36,960 --> 00:38:43,200
um group that really pushes where

996
00:38:40,079 --> 00:38:46,720
the the future of the open source

997
00:38:43,200 --> 00:38:49,520
project goes

998
00:38:46,720 --> 00:38:50,880
alongside that um we've all uh to become

999
00:38:49,520 --> 00:38:52,160
like a advocate one of the things that

1000
00:38:50,880 --> 00:38:54,640
you need to prove is that you know how

1001
00:38:52,160 --> 00:38:56,320
to program in kisket and one of the

1002
00:38:54,640 --> 00:38:59,760
things that we do have is a

1003
00:38:56,320 --> 00:39:01,280
certification um that opened up on last

1004
00:38:59,760 --> 00:39:03,280
year

1005
00:39:01,280 --> 00:39:05,839
so yeah that that's um something people

1006
00:39:03,280 --> 00:39:08,480
can do it's pretty exciting to like have

1007
00:39:05,839 --> 00:39:09,520
something to sort of aim towards if if

1008
00:39:08,480 --> 00:39:11,359
uh that's something that people are

1009
00:39:09,520 --> 00:39:13,839
interested in doing

1010
00:39:11,359 --> 00:39:15,520
so yeah um just to flip through sort of

1011
00:39:13,839 --> 00:39:17,280
some of the different things i've shown

1012
00:39:15,520 --> 00:39:19,839
here in terms of the community um

1013
00:39:17,280 --> 00:39:21,520
kiskit.org is is where it all starts um

1014
00:39:19,839 --> 00:39:23,200
from there you can join the kids get

1015
00:39:21,520 --> 00:39:26,560
slack you can get links to the the

1016
00:39:23,200 --> 00:39:28,400
textbook and the youtube um this uh it's

1017
00:39:26,560 --> 00:39:29,760
als following the twitter kids get

1018
00:39:28,400 --> 00:39:32,079
twitter is probably the best way to find

1019
00:39:29,760 --> 00:39:33,599
out about all the challenges and events

1020
00:39:32,079 --> 00:39:35,680
and the summer schools

1021
00:39:33,599 --> 00:39:37,119
and then if people um are super

1022
00:39:35,680 --> 00:39:38,880
interested and have contributed to the

1023
00:39:37,119 --> 00:39:41,040
community and have proven themselves to

1024
00:39:38,880 --> 00:39:43,760
be able to develop in kiskit they can

1025
00:39:41,040 --> 00:39:45,760
become a kid's good advocate

1026
00:39:43,760 --> 00:39:47,920
and thank you and i think i've left like

1027
00:39:45,760 --> 00:39:50,960
five ish minutes to answer any questions

1028
00:39:47,920 --> 00:39:50,960
that came up during the talk

1029
00:39:54,480 --> 00:40:00,079
okay thank you anna for such a wonderful

1030
00:39:56,960 --> 00:40:02,720
introduction to a new world for many

1031
00:40:00,079 --> 00:40:02,720
including me

1032
00:40:03,119 --> 00:40:07,920
yes indeed we have a few questions uh

1033
00:40:05,599 --> 00:40:10,720
four questions have come in on the chat

1034
00:40:07,920 --> 00:40:13,040
uh so i can give you the first one uh is

1035
00:40:10,720 --> 00:40:14,640
quantum machine learning only useful for

1036
00:40:13,040 --> 00:40:16,800
working on problems with quantum

1037
00:40:14,640 --> 00:40:18,640
behavior would you ever use it for

1038
00:40:16,800 --> 00:40:20,319
classical problems

1039
00:40:18,640 --> 00:40:23,119
that's actually one of the ques like

1040
00:40:20,319 --> 00:40:23,839
that that is actually the key question

1041
00:40:23,119 --> 00:40:25,680
in

1042
00:40:23,839 --> 00:40:28,079
the research the community around

1043
00:40:25,680 --> 00:40:30,800
economy machine learning at the moment

1044
00:40:28,079 --> 00:40:32,880
so people have shown advantage in using

1045
00:40:30,800 --> 00:40:34,640
quantum machine learning for quantum ish

1046
00:40:32,880 --> 00:40:37,280
type data

1047
00:40:34,640 --> 00:40:39,520
and lots of people are looking at using

1048
00:40:37,280 --> 00:40:43,359
um quantum machine learning for

1049
00:40:39,520 --> 00:40:44,319
classical types of data sets um

1050
00:40:43,359 --> 00:40:46,079
and

1051
00:40:44,319 --> 00:40:48,240
it's still an open question and a very

1052
00:40:46,079 --> 00:40:50,640
interesting open question at that

1053
00:40:48,240 --> 00:40:53,280
there's a couple of interesting papers

1054
00:40:50,640 --> 00:40:54,720
i believe that are online so

1055
00:40:53,280 --> 00:40:56,160
where people have used quantum machine

1056
00:40:54,720 --> 00:40:58,079
learning to look at

1057
00:40:56,160 --> 00:41:01,920
electronic health records

1058
00:40:58,079 --> 00:41:04,079
um or or data of the large hadron

1059
00:41:01,920 --> 00:41:06,800
collider

1060
00:41:04,079 --> 00:41:08,800
in terms of particle physics data uh but

1061
00:41:06,800 --> 00:41:10,400
yeah it's it's

1062
00:41:08,800 --> 00:41:13,520
yeah open question

1063
00:41:10,400 --> 00:41:16,560
okay great uh next question uh what

1064
00:41:13,520 --> 00:41:18,880
microwave frequencies are used uh we'd

1065
00:41:16,560 --> 00:41:21,040
like to see more of the room temperature

1066
00:41:18,880 --> 00:41:24,160
signal chain

1067
00:41:21,040 --> 00:41:25,680
ah sure so i actually don't know um too

1068
00:41:24,160 --> 00:41:26,800
much about

1069
00:41:25,680 --> 00:41:30,160
the

1070
00:41:26,800 --> 00:41:32,480
hardware at that level um i've really

1071
00:41:30,160 --> 00:41:34,400
reached into the the quantum computing

1072
00:41:32,480 --> 00:41:37,520
as sort of on that

1073
00:41:34,400 --> 00:41:39,599
kisket level side so that is something i

1074
00:41:37,520 --> 00:41:41,119
would have to look up um and maybe you

1075
00:41:39,599 --> 00:41:42,240
could the person who's asking the

1076
00:41:41,119 --> 00:41:44,079
question could probably find that

1077
00:41:42,240 --> 00:41:47,040
information better than me so i know we

1078
00:41:44,079 --> 00:41:49,359
have a lot of um information out there

1079
00:41:47,040 --> 00:41:52,640
around sort of

1080
00:41:49,359 --> 00:41:55,200
that on the ibm.com quantum computing

1081
00:41:52,640 --> 00:41:57,680
website as well as various papers i yeah

1082
00:41:55,200 --> 00:41:59,680
that's really not my area of

1083
00:41:57,680 --> 00:42:02,079
speciality

1084
00:41:59,680 --> 00:42:04,160
okay the third question uh is there

1085
00:42:02,079 --> 00:42:06,720
research being undertaken to discover

1086
00:42:04,160 --> 00:42:09,200
the social questions and challenges

1087
00:42:06,720 --> 00:42:10,800
these new technologies may pose to each

1088
00:42:09,200 --> 00:42:13,359
of us

1089
00:42:10,800 --> 00:42:16,319
yes there's actually a group

1090
00:42:13,359 --> 00:42:18,720
um looking at sort of the ethical um

1091
00:42:16,319 --> 00:42:21,839
consequences of quantum computing

1092
00:42:18,720 --> 00:42:24,640
um and yeah the societal impacts of um

1093
00:42:21,839 --> 00:42:26,000
such here in australia um i think

1094
00:42:24,640 --> 00:42:27,839
they're based

1095
00:42:26,000 --> 00:42:29,359
out

1096
00:42:27,839 --> 00:42:30,720
of queensland

1097
00:42:29,359 --> 00:42:33,359
so yeah people are definitely looking

1098
00:42:30,720 --> 00:42:35,520
into that and groups in australia as

1099
00:42:33,359 --> 00:42:35,520
well

1100
00:42:36,240 --> 00:42:38,560
great

1101
00:42:39,599 --> 00:42:44,720
uh we'd like to connect with the

1102
00:42:41,839 --> 00:42:48,160
bengali community on quantum computing

1103
00:42:44,720 --> 00:42:50,640
contribute what needs to be done

1104
00:42:48,160 --> 00:42:53,680
sure um so the best way to connect with

1105
00:42:50,640 --> 00:42:55,680
the translation communities um on

1106
00:42:53,680 --> 00:42:57,200
if you join the kisket slack workspace

1107
00:42:55,680 --> 00:42:59,040
there's a channel for kids get

1108
00:42:57,200 --> 00:43:02,000
localization which is where all the

1109
00:42:59,040 --> 00:43:03,599
discussion around the translations

1110
00:43:02,000 --> 00:43:06,079
happen

1111
00:43:03,599 --> 00:43:08,400
i'm hoping that that makes sense enough

1112
00:43:06,079 --> 00:43:10,240
for the question

1113
00:43:08,400 --> 00:43:12,880
questioner

1114
00:43:10,240 --> 00:43:15,200
okay and the final question for today

1115
00:43:12,880 --> 00:43:17,280
uh does reversibility of quantum

1116
00:43:15,200 --> 00:43:21,760
functions make it difficult to implement

1117
00:43:17,280 --> 00:43:21,760
algorithms that discard information

1118
00:43:22,480 --> 00:43:25,480
um

1119
00:43:27,760 --> 00:43:31,119
it does okay

1120
00:43:29,119 --> 00:43:33,760
it doesn't it's just more a different

1121
00:43:31,119 --> 00:43:37,040
way of thinking about how you need to

1122
00:43:33,760 --> 00:43:39,680
compute so it's more thinking that um

1123
00:43:37,040 --> 00:43:42,880
you know when you're creating an adder

1124
00:43:39,680 --> 00:43:44,079
usually when you do that classically

1125
00:43:42,880 --> 00:43:45,599
you need

1126
00:43:44,079 --> 00:43:47,280
a certain number of bits if you're then

1127
00:43:45,599 --> 00:43:48,960
trying to do the same thing quantum

1128
00:43:47,280 --> 00:43:50,560
mechanically you may just need more

1129
00:43:48,960 --> 00:43:51,680
qubits to sort of

1130
00:43:50,560 --> 00:43:52,880
um

1131
00:43:51,680 --> 00:43:56,000
think about

1132
00:43:52,880 --> 00:43:58,400
building that algorithm up from the

1133
00:43:56,000 --> 00:43:59,920
circuit level and that that's

1134
00:43:58,400 --> 00:44:01,280
also another way of thinking about it

1135
00:43:59,920 --> 00:44:02,319
because of the difference between

1136
00:44:01,280 --> 00:44:04,160
quantum computing and classical

1137
00:44:02,319 --> 00:44:05,760
computing it doesn't make sense to go

1138
00:44:04,160 --> 00:44:07,280
okay i can do something in classical

1139
00:44:05,760 --> 00:44:09,359
computing i'm just going to do the same

1140
00:44:07,280 --> 00:44:10,960
thing in quantum computing it's really

1141
00:44:09,359 --> 00:44:13,040
thinking about well these are the things

1142
00:44:10,960 --> 00:44:13,920
that make quantum computing different

1143
00:44:13,040 --> 00:44:15,200
um

1144
00:44:13,920 --> 00:44:16,880
how do i

1145
00:44:15,200 --> 00:44:20,400
write an algorithm

1146
00:44:16,880 --> 00:44:22,640
um exploiting these differences

1147
00:44:20,400 --> 00:44:25,359
um i know that's sort of a

1148
00:44:22,640 --> 00:44:27,680
not the direct answer to the question um

1149
00:44:25,359 --> 00:44:30,079
but these the algorithms can be written

1150
00:44:27,680 --> 00:44:32,560
um that reversibility is more of a

1151
00:44:30,079 --> 00:44:33,440
constraint on how you're writing

1152
00:44:32,560 --> 00:44:35,280
um

1153
00:44:33,440 --> 00:44:36,720
the the algorithms themselves so you can

1154
00:44:35,280 --> 00:44:39,359
discard information

1155
00:44:36,720 --> 00:44:41,040
by not looking at it again um

1156
00:44:39,359 --> 00:44:43,440
it just means the way you're writing

1157
00:44:41,040 --> 00:44:45,280
that algorithm is going to be different

1158
00:44:43,440 --> 00:44:47,200
okay thank you and it seems that the

1159
00:44:45,280 --> 00:44:51,119
answer to all the other questions is to

1160
00:44:47,200 --> 00:44:54,960
go to kisket.org yes exactly okay thank

1161
00:44:51,119 --> 00:44:58,480
you very much for that presentation and

1162
00:44:54,960 --> 00:45:00,800
that's it until our lunch break now and

1163
00:44:58,480 --> 00:45:01,680
we have another session at 1 30 in this

1164
00:45:00,800 --> 00:45:05,079
room

1165
00:45:01,680 --> 00:45:05,079
thank you all